Used Dmg Mori Cnc Turning And Milling Center for sale (34,531)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 7,541 h, functionality: fully functional, spindle motor power: 25,000 W, spindle speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, spindle bore: 65 mm, type of input current: three-phase, total height: 2,067 mm, total length: 5,671 mm, total width: 2,721 mm, overall weight: 8,000 kg, spindle diameter: 250 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Main spindle: 25 kW, 5000 rpm, SMW Autoblock chuck diameter: 250 mm, bar diameter: 65 mm. Counter spindle: ISM52, 20 kW, 6000 rpm, SMW Autoblock chuck diameter: 210 mm. Turning and milling spindle (B-axis): HSK63A, 18000 rpm, external/internal coolant with high-pressure flushing at 20 bar. Direct axis measurement. Tool magazine for 24 tools. Chip conveyor, extraction system with filtration. The delivery includes various HSK63A tool holders. Direct sales to end users only. W-Technology s.r.o. Polní 8 Lrjdpfxoz Dpm Nj Agrjt 79201 Bruntál Czech Republic

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, Technical details turning diameter 210 mm turning length 700 mm control Okuma OSP-E 100 L total power requirement 35,7 kVA weight of the machine ca. 7,1 t Ljdpjzzwmujfx Agrort dimensions of the machine ca. 2660 x 2000 x 2330* mm Additional information CNC turning and milling center with C-axis and Y-axis, 2 turrets, and subspindle. The machine is being sold partially overhauled. CNC control: Okuma OSP-E 100 L Maximum turning diameter: 210 mm Swing over bed: 400 mm Distance between spindle noses: 960 mm Main spindle: Spindle bore: 53 mm Speed range: 50 to 6000 rpm Motor power: 11/7.5 kW Subspindle: Spindle nose: JIS A2-6 Speed range: 38 to 5000 rpm Motor power: 11/7.5 kW Z-axis: Travel: 700 / 700 mm (ZA + ZB) Rapid traverse: 40000 mm/min W-axis: Travel: 940 mm Rapid traverse: 40000 mm/min X-axis: Travel: 167 / 192 mm (XA + XB) Rapid traverse: 30000 mm/min Y-axis: Travel: 92 mm (+50/-42 mm) Rapid traverse: 15000 mm/min C-axis: Indexing: 360 x 0.001 deg. Rapid traverse: 400 rpm Disc turret: 2 x 12 stations Tool holder mount: VDI 30 mm Power of driven tools: 4 kW Total connected load: 35.7 kVA Machine weight: 7100 kg Machine dimensions: 2660 x 2000 x 2330 mm* Plus swarf conveyor and bar loader Accessories FMB Turbo 5-42/6200/A bar loader, year of manufacture 2005 Chip conveyor Coolant system Collet chuck for main and subspindle Both turrets equipped with tool holders Machine documentation.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, turning diameter 210 / 350 mm turning length 400 mm control Fanuc 0i-TC swing diameter 500 mm Lodpfx Ajttckmjgrert travel -x axis 195 mm travel -z axis 430 mm spindle speed: 3500 1/min bar diameter 51 mm spindle bore 75 mm C-Axis 0,001 ° turret head 12 Pos. taper in tailstock-quill MK 4 tailstock travel 100 mm diameter of quill 80 mm rapid traverse X-axis 30 m/min rapid traverse Z-axis 30 m/min drive capacity - spindle motor 11 / 15 kW voltage 400 V total power requirement 30 kVA weight of the machine ca. 4,2 t dimensions of the machine ca. 2,70 x 1,90 x 2,10 m chip conveyor 2,80 x 0,60 x 1,30 m Transformer 0,60 x 0,45 x 0,55 m - Serial-No.: M015356K2F - Machine ON: 14.494 h - control: FANUC Oi-TC - Machine with C-axis and turret for life tools (1x radial + 1x axial in the accessories) - Tool meeasuring arm - Parts collecting tray - Collet chuck - 3-jaw chuck Samchully Ø 250 mm - Open center clamping cylinder - Automatic sliding door - chip conveyor

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1998, functionality: limited functionality, INDEX G200 in good condition. Limited operational capability, as the CPU for the chip conveyor is defective. MAIN SPINDLE Spindle bore, clamping tension mm 60 Spindle diameter at the front bearing mm 100 Spindle nose ISO 702/1 size 5 Chuck diameter mm 140/160 Max. nominal turning diameter mm 200 Max. swing diameter mm 420 Power Pmax 100% kW 7.5/13/20 Power Pmax 40% kW 13.3/22/29 Torque Mdmax 100% Nm 35/61/95 Torque Mdmax 40% Nm 64/105/140 Speed nmax min-1 5000 Alignment and switching device (division angle 2.5°) Lrsdozzp Dlopfx Agret TAILSTOCK Spindle bore, clamping tension mm 60 Spindle diameter at the front bearing mm 100 Spindle nose ISO 702/1 size 4 5 5 1) - 2) Chuck diameter mm 140/160 Power Pmax 100% kW 7.5/13 Power Pmax 40% kW 13.3/22 Torque Mdmax 100% Nm 35/61 Torque Mdmax 40% Nm 64/105 Speed nmax min-1 5000 Min. distance, clamping chuck mm 15 Longitudinal travel mm 445 Rapid traverse m/min 22.5 Alignment and switching device (division angle 2.5°) Expansion stages (main and tailstock) C-axis (resolution 1/1000 degree) Workpiece stop device Coolant line through the working spindle Air blow-out line through the working spindle Speed monitoring system TOOL CARRIER Turret heads (identical for all tool carriers) Number of tools 14 Tool system DIN 69 880 size 25x48 Further information available upon request. Errors and prior sale are excepted. Can be inspected while powered on.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2006, functionality: fully functional, CNC Control MSX-850 Maximum turning diameter: Ø 420 × 720 mm X/Z axis travels: 280 / 820 mm Swing over bed: Ø 995 / Ø 825 mm Maximum bar diameter: Ø 90 mm Rapid traverse X/Z: 30 / 30 m/min Main spindle diameter: Ø 300 mm Main spindle speed: 3,000 rpm Main spindle power: 22 / 18.5 kW Main spindle nose: A2-8 Ljdpfx Agozz Ak Eorort Number of motorized turret positions: 12 Tool speed / power: 6,000 rpm / 5.5 kW

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, CNC control MORI SEIKI MSG-805 MAPPS Maximum turning diameter: Ø 430 mm Maximum turning length: 519 mm X-axis travel: 230 mm Z-axis travel: 520 mm Lrsdpfx Aezz Agyegrst Main spindle speed: 50–6,000 rpm Main spindle power: 15 / 11 kW Main spindle bore diameter: Ø 56 mm Maximum bar diameter: Ø 45 mm Sub-spindle speed: 5,000 rpm Turret positions: 12 Powered tool speed: 3,000 rpm

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 1,400 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 1,350 mm, turning diameter: 550 mm, spindle motor power: 48 W, spindle speed (max.): 3,000 rpm, spindle bore: 95 mm, travel distance X-axis: 380 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 140 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,350 mm, spindle nose: A2-11, 12-tool turret Spindle speed: 12,000 rpm Tool presetter arm Chip conveyor Lodjzzb Amopfx Agrert High-pressure pump: 15 bar Autoblok SLU3.1 steady rest Chuck: Ø315 Bar feeder interface Tool holder set

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 7,500 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 760 mm, turning diameter over cross slide: 406 mm, spindle motor power: 18 W, spindle speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, spindle bore: 76 mm, travel distance X-axis: 260 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 105 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 830 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Automatic measuring arm Chip conveyor Parts collector Set of tool holders, including 2 motorized ones Presetting tools Chip conveyor Lrsdpfx Ajzzap Ejgrjt Parts collector Set of tool holders, including 2 motorized ones

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2017, Max. turning diameter 366 mm Max. turning length 510 mm Bar capacity Ø 65 mm Travel ranges X / Y / Z 260 / 100 / 590 mm Main spindle 5,000 rpm Counter spindle 6,000 rpm Driven tools 10,000 rpm · 29 Nm Turret 12 stations, BMT Controlled axes X, Y, Z, C, B Machine weight 5,500 kg Connection current max. 115 A - Y-axis milling off-center, complete machining in a single setup - Counter spindle with synchronized transfer – machining the back side without re-clamping - Built-in motor turret (BMT) drive in the turret, stiffer and more thermally stable than VDI systems - Tool measuring probe for both spindles - Bar loader LNS Quick Load Servo 65 for bars up to Ø 65 mm, unmanned series production - Parts catcher and parts conveyor for gentle parts removal - Chip conveyor, high-pressure coolant supply - CELOS with ERGOline 21″ touch control panel Machine running time approx. 14,100 hours Program running time approx. 9,900 hours Machine price excluding shown accessories (extensive accessories can be purchased separately) Errors and prior sale excepted. Lodpfszy U Nwsx Agrort The machine can be inspected under power with short notice.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2023, functionality: fully functional, The machine is in good technical condition, testing can be arranged by prior agreement. Lsdpsz A T Hksfx Agrjrt

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 7,597 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: NL257200651, turning diameter: 366 mm, spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, controller model: Mitsubishi 730UM CELOS, working length: 700 mm, number of slots in tool magazine: 12, TECHNICAL DETAILS Maximum machining length: approx. 700 mm Maximum turning diameter: 366 mm Workpiece length with tailstock: max. 728 mm Spindle speed: max. 4,000 rpm Tool turret: 12-position BMT60 star turret Tool drive: 40 / 14 Nm Speed of driven tools: max. 10,000 rpm Overhang length of driven tools: 100 mm Chuck: 10" hollow chuck, Ø 254 mm Chuck cylinder: hollow chuck cylinder BB210A821 Tailstock: NC tailstock Tailstock taper: MK 5 MACHINE DETAILS Coolant type: water-miscible coolant / emulsion Coolant pressure: 5 bar Extraction connection: Ø 150 mm Mains voltage: 380 V Frequency: 50 Hz Transformer power: 45 kVA Phases: 3 phases Isolation transformer: 400 V ± 5 % Current: 65 A Control system: Mitsubishi 730UM CELOS Lrodpfxjzy Hx Ds Agret User interface: CELOS with ERGOline touch panel Machine operating time: 7,597 h Program runtime: 2,138 h Last maintenance: April 2024 Weight: 5,800 kg EQUIPMENT DMG MORI M730UM control system with CELOS ERGOline touch panel 12-position BMT60 star turret with driven tools 10" hollow chuck, Ø 254 mm Hollow chuck cylinder BB210A821 Double foot switch with protective cover NC tailstock with MK-5 mount Oil-air cooler for circulating spindle coolant Hinged belt chip conveyor High-pressure coolant system, 5 bar Oil mist separator AFS 1100 including interface Manual, swiveling tool pre-setter SCHNEIDER transformer 45 kVA Technology cycle "Alternating Speed" Further technical data can be found in the document attached!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, chuck diameter 500 mm swing diameter over bed slide 700 mm Ledpfx Ajx Szlregrert control SIEMENS travel -x axis 630 mm travel -z axis 500 mm CNC turning and milling center vertical | EMAG - VMC 450 MT The machine is in very good condition. Please note that the technical details were added from comparable machines. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #Tags: VMC450MT | VMC 450MT | VMC-450 | VMC-450MT

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, CNC lathe Gildemeister Type/Model CTX 520 linear Condition: Used Year of manufacture: 2004 Operating hours: 86,490 Spindle hours: 12,970 Technical data Working area max. turning diameter: 680 mm Turning diameter over X-axis: 565 mm Chuck diameter: 250/315 mm Spindle bore: 107 mm Spindle speed C-axis (main spindle): 400 rpm Travel in X-axis: 315 mm Travel in Z-axis: 1350 mm Number of tools: 12 Power max. 100% duty cycle: 4.9 kW Torque 100% duty cycle: 10.5 kW Lrjdpfx Aozn Ih Negrot Speed range: 4500 rpm Tailstock Tailstock travel: 1200 mm Tailstock force: 14 kN Taper: 5 MK Quill travel: 120 mm Coolant system Capacity: 250 l Pump output: 1.7 kW Flow rate at 6 bar: 20 l/min Connected load: 65 kVA / 100 A Operating voltage: 400 V Dimensions and weight Weight approx. 10 t + 0.65 t Dimensions approx. 6000 x 3050 x 2270 Equipment: - Chip conveyor without pump - Machine feet Inquiry item: Transportation costs will be provided in a separate quote.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, Gildemeister CNC universal lathe Type/Model: CTX 600 E Condition: Used Operating hours: 99,831 h Year of manufacture: 2000 Technical data Swinging diameter: 680 mm Distance between centers: 2000 mm Spindle speed: 2800 rpm Chuck: Ø 315 mm Tool turret: 12 stations; incl. 3 stations for driven tools Tool holder: VDI 50 Tailstock: NC-controlled Dimensions approx. 5560 x 240 x 213 mm Weight approx. 10,000 kg Lrjdpfxezdrrke Agrjt Equipment: - Power chuck, type SMW Autoblok 315 BH-FX, Ø 315 mm - Control system: Heidenhain CNC Pilot

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 12,000 h, Spinner TTC300-52 SMMCY – Turn-milling center, year of manufacture 2016 Control system: Siemens Sinumerik 840D sl, 2-channel operation Operating hours: approx. 12,000 h (meter reading: 12,137.0 h) Condition: very good, from ongoing production Safety standard: EN ISO 23125:BA3 (Chapter 3.4.5) Working area Max. swing diameter: approx. 400 mm Max. turning diameter: approx. 200 mm Max. turning length: approx. 400 mm Travel distances X1 / X2 / Z: 180 / 110 / 450 mm Y-axis: +40 / −40 mm Rapid traverse rates X1 / X2 / Y / Z: 15 / 15 / 15 / 24 m/min Main spindle Max. speed: 5,000 min⁻¹ Chuck size: 210 mm Spindle bore: 42 mm Power: 15 / 19 kW (S1 / S6 40 %) Torque: 95 / 121 Nm Counter spindle Max. speed: 7,000 min⁻¹ Chuck size: 130 mm Power: 6 / 8.5 kW (S1 / S3 25 %) Torque: 49 / 68 Nm Tool turret 2 × driven turret, BMT45 interface All positions driven, max. 6,000 min⁻¹ Power: 2.3 / 3.5 kW (S1 / S3 40 %) Torque: 7 / 11 Nm Detailed configuration available upon request Equipment Lrjdpfjzzvd Eex Agrot Y-axis C-axis main and counter spindle Driven tools Chip conveyor Complete machine documentation / manuals available Connections & Units Voltage: 3/PE ~400 V, 50/60 Hz Connected power: approx. 25 kVA Operating current / fuse rating: 34 A / 35 A Hydraulics: 70 bar, tank approx. 10 l Pneumatics: 6 bar Coolant tank: approx. 150 l Central lubrication: approx. 2–3 l Sound pressure level: 70 dB(A) Transport Weight: approx. 4,600 kg (incl. counter spindle, net) Dimensions: 2,500 × 1,900 × 2,165 mm

Condition: good (used), MAZAK Lathe Model: QTN 350 MY X 1500 Year: 2008 Control Unit: MATRIX Maximum Turning Diameter (capacity): 720 Machinable Diameter / Standard Machinable Diameter (capacity): 420 Maximum Machinable Length*1 (capacity): 1500 mm Bar Capacity (capacity): 102 Centering Dimensions (main spindle): 315 Spindle Speed (main spindle): 3300 Spindle Nose (main spindle): ASA 11 Spindle Bore (main spindle): 112 Lrsdpfez Apkbjx Agrst Spindle Speed (powered tool spindle): 4000 Travel (tailstock): 1550 Taper (tailstock): CM 5 Main Spindle Motor (continuous / 40% duty) (motors): 37 Kw Coolant Tank (coolant): 400 l

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, (Please tell us your offer price) Lsdpfx Aozzyt Degrjrt Sale only within Europe, incl. Turkey Price without packaging; delivery condition: FCA (machine location) ===== Technical data see handout. All warranty rights are excluded. For the correctness of the technical data and year of construction, for the completeness of accessories and tool equipment, and for compliance with all safety and environmental protection requirements specified in the accident prevention regulations. No sale to private individuals. Sales only within Europe, incl. Turkey Price without packaging; Delivery condition: FCA (machine location) ===== Technical data please see handout in attachment. German text leading language. Without any guaranty and warranty, including completeness of tools & accessories as well as environmental and safety regulations. No private sales.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, operating hours: 87,000 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 600 mm, turning diameter over cross slide: 410 mm, spindle speed (min.): 22,000 rpm, For sale is a CNC turning center from the manufacturer DMG, type CTX beta 800, built in 2009. Available immediately. Lrjdeyq Hq Nopfx Agrst The machine is in good condition and fully functional. Technically sound and ready for immediate use. Technical data: Machine type: CNC turning center Manufacturer: DMG Type: CTX beta 800 Year of manufacture: 2009 Control: Heidenhain 4290 Max. turning length: 600 mm Tool turret: 12-position Tool holder: VDI 40 Operating hours: approx. 87,000 h Spindle hours: approx. 22,000 h Linear guide Z1 recently renewed Turret drive S2 recently replaced Machine regularly serviced by customer support technically sound and fully functional Inspection under power possible by arrangement Service and maintenance reports available large accessory package powered tools from WTO further documentation and images available upon request If interested, please write or call. Maschinenhandel Nord Gerstenstraße 2 17034 Neubrandenburg

Condition: used, operating hours: 11,655 h, functionality: fully functional, spindle bore: 65 mm, overall weight: 8,500 kg, spindle diameter: 65 mm, Well-maintained WT150 lathe, including an LNS Quick Load bar loader, fixed chucks, powered chucks, and Hainbuch collets. Lrjdpszylw Ejfx Agret

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, operating hours: 48,257 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 299, Equipment: documentation/manual, Mori Seiki SL150 & Iemca short bar feeder. Lodozg A Saspfx Agrert The machine is fully functional. 12-Station Turret with Tool Holders MSC-518 (Fanuc ) CNC Control 8″ Hydraulic Chuck 2 Step gear spindle for powerful torque Hydraulic Tailstock with Power Quill Chip Conveyor Coolant System. Automatic Lubrication system Parts catcher

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 46,815 h, functionality: fully functional, Disassembly, loading, and transport are the responsibility of the buyer. Maintenance kit for NE-type lathes, consisting of rubber-metal scrapers, plastic scrapers, filter mats, and belts. Not included in the price. Lredpfezzvw Ssx Agrot Sale only within the EU.

Condition: repair required (used), Year of construction: 1986, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 65123, For sale: Mazak QT 10N with Knoll chip conveyor. Lredpfewn D Nfox Agrot The machine and chip conveyor are functional, but the X-axis needs to be overhauled and is currently not in operating condition. The price is a fixed price and non-negotiable.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 5,300 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 740 mm, turning diameter over cross slide: 350 mm, spindle motor power: 21 W, travel distance X-axis: 340 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 80 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 600 mm, overall weight: 6,900 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, Gildemeister CTX 410 V4 Universal lathe Control system: Fanuc 32i Main drive: 21 kW, 240 Nm Lrjdpfx Aezzzqqegrot Turret: Sauter Year of manufacture: 2008 Travel distances: X-axis: 340 mm Y-axis: 40 + Z-axis: 600 mm 1 chip conveyor Tailstock Hydraulic hollow chuck, maximum draw tube inner diameter 66 mm Automatic sliding shield operation Option: Enhanced coolant pump, 12 bar, 23 l/min Coolant gun 3-jaw chuck BRD210, SMW Autoblock Foot switch for tailstock operation Tooling available upon request Documentation and export possible for an additional charge. Inspection possible while the machine is powered on. We would be happy to send you further details or arrange an on-site inspection.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 1,000 mm, turning diameter over cross slide: 680 mm, turning diameter: 465 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,500 rpm, spindle bore: 76 mm, travel distance X-axis: 300 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,050 mm, rotational speed (max.): 3,500 rpm, type of input current: three-phase, total height: 2,120 mm, total length: 4,865 mm, total width: 1,770 mm, spindle nose: FL 220 h5, overall weight: 7,500 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, The Gildemeister CTX 510 is a rather heavy, industrial CNC turning machine. It is a machine that is particularly interesting if you want to machine a lot of material and are not just doing light turning operations. We acquired this machine in working condition from the first owner and it can also be inspected in working condition! Additional options & accessories: - Full pallet with static VDI-40 tool holders. - Chip conveyor - Marposs measuring arm - Collet chuck 173E (Quadro NC - Marquar) - Adapter sleeve for 185E collet chuck - Coolant gun Ledpfx Aozyai Nsgrort - High-pressure coolant pump - Chip conveyor - Double foot pedal - Original Gildemeister documentation. Weight & dimensions: 7,500 kg 4865 x 1770 x 2120 mm (L x W x H incl. chip conveyor)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 1,020 mm, turning diameter over cross slide: 580 mm, spindle motor power: 22,000 W, travel distance X-axis: 565 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 80 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,080 mm, rotational speed (max.): 4,500 rpm, overall weight: 12,000 kg, For Sale: Mori Seiki MT2000SZ Multi-Axis Turn-Mill Center For sale: A highly versatile and efficient Mori Seiki MT2000SZ multi-axis CNC turn-mill center for demanding industrial production. This machine enables complete machining of complex components in a single setup using its main spindle, sub-spindle, B-axis milling spindle, and lower turret. General Information Manufacturer: Mori Seiki Model: MT2000SZ Control Unit: MAPPS / MSG-501 (Fanuc) Year of Manufacture: 2001 Technical Specifications Capacity & Travel: Max. Turning Diameter: 550 mm Max. Turning Length: 1,020 mm X-axis Travel: 565 mm Y-axis Travel: ±80 mm Z-axis Travel: 1,077 mm B-axis (Milling Spindle): ±120° (0.001° indexing) Main Spindle & Sub-Spindle: Main Spindle Speed / Power: 4,500–6,000 rpm / 22 kW / Bar Capacity Ø 65–73 mm Sub-Spindle Speed / Power: 4,500–6,000 rpm / 15 kW C-axis: Both main and sub-spindle (0.001°) Milling Spindle (Upper Head) & Tool Magazine: Milling Spindle Speed: 10,000 rpm Milling Spindle Power: 7.5 kW Tool Magazine (ATC): 60 positions Lower Turret: Tool Stations: 12-position turret (live tooling) Live Tooling Speed: 4,000–6,000 rpm Dimensions & Weight: Dimensions (L x W x H): approx. 3,830 mm x 2,881 mm x 2,650 mm Machine Weight: approx. 12,000 kg Features & Equipment Lsdpfx Agszy Ntkorjrt Multi-Axis Configuration: Main spindle, sub-spindle, B-axis milling head, and lower turret Upper Head (Milling Spindle): Full B-axis for driven tools with Automatic Tool Changer (ATC) Lower Turret: Independent lower turret for flexible and high-efficiency simultaneous machining Included Accessories: Plenty of tools, chuck jaws, and user manuals, etc.