Used Robots for sale (2,519)

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2017, machine/vehicle number: R-00573, load capacity: 280 kg, arm reach: 3,103 mm, controller manufacturer: R-30iB B-Size, teach pendant manufacturer: A05B-2255-C101#EGN, Refurbished FANUC M-900iB/280L manufactured in 2017.02. The robot comes with an R-30iB B-Size controller including iPendant.   Our experts extensively tested the robot, after which we conducted a maintenance service according to the manufacturers’ specifications. The grease is examined for the amount of iron particles, indicating the corresponding axes' condition. Only robots in excellent mechanical condition will be completely refurbished, ensuring a long-term solution for our customers. This enables us to deliver our robots with a warranty term of 12 months as standard!   Brand: FANUC  Model: M-900iB/280L Model Number: A05B-1335-B203 Year of Manufacture Robot: 2017.02 Warranty term (months): 12   Payload (kg): 280 Prodpfx Aezwby Rekvsa Reach (mm): 3103 Repeatability (mm): ± 0.1 Controlled Axes: 6-axis Installation Type: Floor, Upside-down, Angle Mount Weight (kg): 1600   Controller: R-30iB B-Size Year of Manufacture Cabinet: 2017.02 RCC Length (m): 7   Teach Pendant: A05B-2255-C101#EGN Teach Pendant Cable Length (m): 10

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2016, machine/vehicle number: R-00548, load capacity: 400 kg, arm reach: 3,704 mm, controller manufacturer: R-30iB B-Size, teach pendant manufacturer: A05B-2255-C101#EGN, Refurbished FANUC M-900iB/400L manufactured in 2016.11. The robot comes with an R-30iB B-Size controller including iPendant.   Our experts extensively tested the robot, after which we conducted a maintenance service according to the manufacturers’ specifications. The grease is examined for the amount of iron particles, indicating the corresponding axes' condition. Only robots in excellent mechanical condition will be completely refurbished, ensuring a long-term solution for our customers. This enables us to deliver our robots with a warranty term of 12 months as standard!   Brand: FANUC  Model: M-900iB/400L Model Number: A05B-1332-B203 Year of Manufacture Robot: 2016.11 Warranty term (months): 12   Payload (kg): 400 Reach (mm): 3704 Repeatability (mm): ± 0.1 Controlled Axes: 6-axis Installation Type: Floor Mount Weight (kg): 3150   Controller: R-30iB B-Size Year of Manufacture Cabinet: 2016.11 RCC Length (m): 7   Psdjzwby Dspfx Akvjra Teach Pendant: A05B-2255-C101#EGN Teach Pendant Cable Length (m): 10

Condition: like new (used), Kuka Robot Prodpfx Akszv U S Rsvsa KR 10 R1140 -2 /SEL KR C 5 dualcab AC Industrial robot KRC5 Robot KSP-600-S6 Complete and fully operational.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2016, machine/vehicle number: R-00671, load capacity: 40 kg, arm reach: 2,550 mm, controller manufacturer: IRC5, teach pendant manufacturer: DSQC679, Refurbished ABB IRB 4600-40/2.55 manufactured in 2016.05. The robot comes with an IRC5 controller including Flexpendant DSQC679.   Pedpfx Aezv S T Sskvora Our experts extensively tested the robot, after which we conducted a maintenance service according to the manufacturers’ specifications. The oil is examined for the amount of iron particles, indicating the corresponding axes' condition. Only robots in excellent mechanical condition will be completely refurbished, ensuring a long-term solution for our customers. This enables us to deliver our robots with a warranty term of 12 months as standard!   Brand: ABB Model: IRB 4600-40/2.55 Model Number: IRB Year of Manufacture Robot: 2016.05 Warranty term (months): 12   Payload (kg): 40 Reach (mm): 2550 Repeatability (mm): ± 0.05 Controlled Axes: 6-axis Installation Type: Floor, Upside-down Mount Weight (kg): 425   Controller: IRC5 Year of Manufacture Cabinet: 2016.05 RCC Length (m): 14   Teach Pendant: DSQC679 Teach Pendant Cable Length (m): 15

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2010, machine/vehicle number: R-00668, load capacity: 165 kg, arm reach: 2,655 mm, controller manufacturer: R-30iA B-Size, teach pendant manufacturer: A05B-2518-C302#EGN, FANUC R-2000iB/165F manufactured in 2010.06. The robot comes with an R-30iA B-Size controller including iPendant.   Our experts extensively tested the robot, after which we conducted a maintenance service according to the manufacturers’ specifications. The grease is examined for the amount of iron particles, indicating the corresponding axes' condition. Only robots in excellent mechanical condition will be completely refurbished, ensuring a long-term solution for our customers. This enables us to deliver our robots with a warranty term of 12 months as standard!   Brand: FANUC Model: R-2000iB/165F Model Number: A05B-1329-B201 Year of Manufacture Robot: 2010.06 Warranty term (months): 12   Payload (kg): 165 Reach (mm): 2655 Repeatability (mm): ± 0.2 Controlled Axes: 6-axis Installation Type: Floor Mount Weight (kg): 1170 Prjdpfxjzv Srbj Akvea   Controller: R-30iA B-Size Year of Manufacture Cabinet: 2009.06 RCC Length (m): 14   Teach Pendant: A05B-2518-C302#EGN Teach Pendant Cable Length (m): 10  

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2014, machine/vehicle number: R-00669, load capacity: 150 kg, arm reach: 3,200 mm, controller manufacturer: IRC5, teach pendant manufacturer: DSQC679, ABB IRB 6700-150/3.20 manufactured in 2014.07. The robot comes with an IRC5 controller including Flexpendant DSQC679.   Our experts extensively tested the robot, after which we conducted a maintenance service according to the manufacturers’ specifications. The oil is examined for the amount of iron particles, indicating the corresponding axes' condition. Only robots in excellent mechanical condition will be completely refurbished, ensuring a long-term solution for our customers. This enables us to deliver our robots with a warranty term of 12 months as standard!   Brand: ABB Model: IRB 6700-150/3.20 Model Number: IRB Year of Manufacture Robot: 2014.07 Warranty term (months): 12   Payload (kg): 150 Reach (mm): 3200 Repeatability (mm): ±0.06 Controlled Axes: 6-axis Installation Type: Floor Mount Podezv Scgspfx Akvsra Weight (kg): 1280   Controller: IRC5 Year of Manufacture Cabinet: 2014.09 RCC Length (m): 14   Teach Pendant: DSQC679 Teach Pendant Cable Length (m): 15

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 10,504 h, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 665 kg, load capacity: 30 kg, arm reach: 2,033 mm, This is a KUKA KR 30-3 industrial robot with a KRC4 controller, manufactured in 2017. We would also be happy to offer you this robot as a fully refurbished unit! The controller includes the following options: Prodpezw Da Tofx Akvja BoardPackage Profinet ProfiSafe Device RemoteService RemoteSupportView

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 11,621 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 677222, overall weight: 1,075 kg, load capacity: 120 kg, arm reach: 3,195 mm, This is a KUKA KR 120 R3200 PA palletizing robot with a KRC4 controller, manufactured in 2017. We would also be happy to offer this robot to you as a fully refurbished unit! The controller includes the following options: BoardPackage Psdpfx Ajzw A Trskvora Profinet ProfiSafe Device RemoteService RemoteSupportView

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 3,556 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 642934, overall weight: 1,145 kg, load capacity: 240 kg, arm reach: 2,896 mm, This is a KUKA KR 240 R2900 ultra industrial robot with KRC4 control system, manufactured in 2015. Prodpfxszw A Sbj Akvja It is supplied with a Z.TT.2Axes_500 two-axis rotary table. We would also be happy to offer you this robot as a fully refurbished unit! The control system includes the following options: BoardPackage EthernetKRL LoadDataDetermination Profinet KRC-Nexxt RemoteService SafeOperation UserTech

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 12 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 03250551610001, arm reach: 900 mm, type of input current: three-phase, load capacity: 5 kg, control cabinet width: 440 mm, control cabinet height: 290 mm, overall weight: 200 kg, input voltage: 400 V, protection type (IP code): IP54, repeat accuracy: 0.02 mm, controller model: MC-05 Controller, wire diameter (max.): 1.8 mm, input current: 500 A, pivoting range: 360 °, warranty duration: 24 months, welding current (max.): 500 A, teach pendant model: Teach Pendant Serie MC, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, type plate available, COBOT WELDING CELL METALSELF CI-05 + AOTAI 500A (EX-DEMO FOR TRADE SHOW) Turnkey collaborative welding cell. Demo unit (2025), only 12 hours of operation. Excellent cosmetic and mechanical condition, like new. Plug&Play solution ideal for flexible automation of small/medium-sized batches. Guarantees maximum precision and easy programming without the need for specific certifications. SOLD WITH A 40% DISCOUNT ON THE LIST PRICE. COBOT SPECIFICATIONS (ROBOT ARM) -Model: Metalself CI-05, Reach/Payload: 900 mm / 5 kg -Degrees of freedom: 6 axes (±180° range per joint) -Repeatability: ±0.02 mm -Protection / Weight: IP54 (industrial use) / 21.4 kg -Mobile magnetic base -Integrated transport trolley CONTROLLER & INTERFACE -Model: IIMT05-220/100 (220V, Single-phase power supply) -Programming: Color touchscreen Teach Pendant (IIMT-TP) -Connectivity: TCP/IP, Modbus-RTU/TCP, 16 DI/DO, 4 AI/AO AOTAI AMIG-500PSR GENERATOR: Top-of-the-line inverter with dual 32-bit ARM processor. -Processes: MIG/MAG, High-efficiency pulsed MIG -Power: 500A at 100% (Duty cycle at 40°C) for intensive use -Power supply: 380V, Three-phase -Wire feeder: Double closed loop, permanent magnet motor SOFTWARE & ADVANCED FUNCTIONS INCLUDED -Drag-to-Teach: Quick programming by manually guiding the arm Predjzw Nvmjpfx Akvoa -Weaving/Swing: Oscillation for vertical welds/fill welds with programmable dwell -Multi-layer & Array: Repetition of passes and matrix (grid) welding -Trajectories: Support for linear, circular, spline, and tube (saddle) paths SAFETY -Integrated collision detection and adjustable sensitivity -Parking brakes on all joints active when power is off -CE compliance (EN ISO 13849-1 PL d) SALE AND SHIPPING -Machine status: Ready for delivery, viewable and testable at our location in Settimo Torinese (Italy). -Warranty: 24 months. -Documentation: CE declaration, cobot manual, welding package manual, in any language. -Shipping: EXW (Ex Works). Packaging and transportation costs are borne by the buyer (can be quoted separately upon request).

Condition: good (used), For sale: Robopac Robot S6 PDS – self-propelled wrapping robot (2017) Well-maintained Robopac Robot S6 PDS from 2017. This self-propelled pallet wrapper is ideal for efficient and professional pallet wrapping without requiring a fixed installation. Features: Year of manufacture: 2017 Fully self-propelled (flexible in use) Equipped with a powered film pre-stretch system, resulting in economical film consumption Includes a film cutting device (no manual cutting required after wrapping) Built-in battery charger (230 volts) Wraps pallets up to 230 cm high. The machine is in good condition and functions properly. Batteries: The current batteries are new. Extras: Comes with an invoice. We can also supply wrapping film. For more information or a video of the wrapper, please feel free to contact us. Trade-in possible: Trade-in of a (defective) pallet wrapper is negotiable. Psdpfoyxx Hyox Akvora Also, check out my other listings. Keywords: pallet wrapper, film wrapper, wrapping machine, pallet wrapping machine, wrap machine, robotic wrapper, wrapping robot, robot wrapper, wrapper, film wrapper.

Year of construction: 2023, operating hours: 5,027 h, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, We are offering this very well-maintained Halter CNC Automation Millstacker Premium 25 handling robot for CNC milling machines, year of manufacture 2023, with very low operating hours. Custom modifications deviating from the standard model that were carried out for us: Pjdpfx Aoy Nmmiskvora 1. An individual deposit position (in our case, onto a chute into a water bath) was added as an option. This setup also allows all 12 stacking positions to be loaded with raw parts—whereas when depositing onto the table, only 11 stacking positions can be loaded with raw parts. 2. Customized adjustment of the angular alignment in the magazine. As a result, longer/larger parts can also be placed lengthwise between the bars when diagonal placement is no longer possible. 3. An additional set of longer support bars was manufactured to securely position larger parts. If you have any questions or require more information, please feel free to send us a message or call us.

Year of construction: 2019, condition: used, For sale: a partial injection molding cell consisting of a hydraulic press, a linear Cartesian robot, and a perimeter safety fence. This system is ideal for those seeking a ready-to-use package for molding and automatically unloading parts. The package includes only the 3 items listed below: 1. HYDRAULIC INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE Brand and Model: ARBURG ALLROUNDER 520 C 2000-675 Year of manufacture: 1998 Clamping force: 2,000 kN (200 tons) Screw diameter: 50 mm Distance between columns: 520 × 520 mm Platen size: approximately 715 × 715 mm Opening stroke: approximately 650 mm Control: SELOGICA Machine weight: approximately 6,500 kg 2. LINEAR CARTESIAN ROBOT Brand and Model: STAR AUTOMATION XW-1000VI 2V Pjdpezw H Dbsfx Akvora Year of manufacture: 2019 Configuration: 3 servo-assisted linear axes (brushless motors), space-saving telescopic vertical arm. Included: Control cabinet, original operating keyboard (remote control) for programming, and manuals. 3. PERIMETER SAFETY FENCE Manufacturer: Star Automation Europe Features: Modular structure with a metal mesh to protect the work area. Access door equipped with safety microswitches and an interlocked electric lock. Included: External control panel for access requests and emergency chain reset.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: DA710219, overall weight: 430 kg, load capacity: 10 kg, For sale is a linear Cartesian robot for injection molding machines, manufactured by Star Automation Europe in 2019. The sale includes only the robot itself (mechanical arm and remote control), without the surrounding enclosure, hoppers, or conveyor belts. It is ideal for pick-and-place operations, part extraction, and assisted placement. Technical Specifications: Brand: STAR AUTOMATION EUROPE S.p.A. Model: XW-1000VI 2V Product Code: DA710219 Year of Manufacture: 2019 Certification: Original CE marking Compatibility: Optimized for injection molding machines ranging from approximately 150 to 250 tons (originally used on an Arburg 520). Included in the offer: - Cartesian robot body with 3 linear axes. - Original operating panel (remote control) for cycle programming. - Original user manual and electrical diagrams for the robot. Podpfszw Hy Asx Akvera Machine Condition: Used, in excellent mechanical and electronic condition, carefully disassembled.

Year of construction: 2012, condition: used, Empty weight: 8.500 kg Carrying capacity: 200 kg GVW: 8.700 kg Length: 30 cm Lifting capacity: 200 kg Serial number: 162 Machining center comprising: - A 2012 OKK VC-X350 CNC lathe - A Fanuc M-20iA robotic tool changer Technical specifications: - Axis travel: - X: 600 mm - Y: 430 mm - Z: 460 mm - A: -120° to +30° - C: 360° - Table-to-spindle nose distance: 70 mm – 530 mm - Table working surface: 350 mm - Table load capacity: 200 kg - Feed rate: - X/Y: 50 m/min - Z: 36 m/min - Cutting feed (X/Y/Z): 36 m/min - Spindle: - Power: 50/30 HP - Spindle speed: 12,000 rpm Podpfxozvcckj Akvjra - Taper type: BT40 - Tools: - Number of standard tools: 120 - Maximum tool weight: 7 kg - Maximum tool length: 300 mm - Maximum tool diameter: 82 mm / 125 mm without adjacent tool - Tool-to-tool change time: approximately 1.3 seconds - Machine weight: 8,500 kg - Approximate dimensions: L 1,895 mm x W 3,440 mm x H 3,000 mm - Machine controller: FANUC F31i-A5 Hours on the clock: approximately 5,540 h Sold with workbenches and cabinets, including contents Online auction held following the closure of the "Supadis" production facility in Le Plessis-Pâté (91), a company specializing in precision machining. This sale includes more than 100 lots, notably several 3-, 4-, and 5-axis CNC machining centers from “Matsuura,” “OKK,” “Biglia,” and “Nakamura Tome,” as well as a “Kasto Functional A” automatic saw. The lot also includes grinding machines, a “Cincinnati” column drill press, “Trimos” and “Mitutoyo” measuring columns, as well as numerous tools, workbenches, and inspection equipment. The sale also includes stocks of raw materials (steel, aluminum, titanium, “Inconel,” “PEEK,” copper, etc.), workshop equipment, compressors, shelving, and various material-handling equipment. Sale organized by Dome Auctions France, OVV No. 331-2026, auctioneer Blandine Camper. The online auction opens Tuesday 18 August and closes Thursday 24 September. Register your account via our website and place your bid. For viewings and inspections check the auction information on the website. Viewing day is on: - Tuesday 22 September Dome Auctions is an innovative auction platform dedicated exclusively to the industrial sector. By focusing on machinery sales from business closures, restructurings, and bankruptcies, we provide a trusted marketplace where buyers and sellers connect with confidence. Unlike general auction houses, Dome Auctions specializes in selling complete industrial assets directly from factories, ensuring quality and reliability. With a commitment to transparency, industry expertise, and tailored service, we streamline the sales process and maximize value for all parties. As online auctions continue to grow in the European industrial market, Dome Auctions offers a professional and efficient solution for companies seeking high-quality machinery at competitive prices.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2006, functionality: fully functional, For sale is a Cloos Romat 350, including a Cloos workpiece positioning system, model WPEK-DP-KP-10 kN -HD. Psdpfx Akezwfmuovera - Electrical power of the ROMAT 350 = 22.5 kVA - Model series = ROT. II - G

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 21,618 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 969043, overall weight: 2,375 kg, load capacity: 240 kg, arm reach: 3,300 mm, This is a KUKA KR 360-3 industrial robot with an arm extension and a KRC4 controller. This robot has been completely overhauled! The controller includes the following options: BoardPackage EthernetKRL LoadDataDetermination Pedpezwf Swsfx Akvera Profinet KRC-Nexxt RemoteService SafeOperation UserTech

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, load capacity: 20 kg, arm reach: 1,200 mm, controller manufacturer: Siemens, teach pendant manufacturer: Siemens, Offered is a delta robot including frame and enclosure from Autonox. The robot was used as a trade fair exhibit. Fully functional including accessories. 1. Delta robot RL3-TS1-1200-20kg 2. Reach: 1200 mm 3. Payload: 20 kg 4. Including drive technology from Siemens 5. Including Siemens operator device Pedpfx Aksxdnkvjvjra 6. Including control cabinet 7. Including stainless steel frame 8. Including gripper Video of the trade fair application: youtube.com/shorts/mQa4nFcTp84?feature=share Price negotiable Inspection possible in 45659 Recklinghausen.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 20,169 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 512822, overall weight: 51 kg, load capacity: 6 kg, arm reach: 706 mm, This is a KUKA KR 6 R700 WP industrial robot with a KRC4 controller, manufactured in 2016. This robot has been fully overhauled! The controller includes the following options: KUKA.CPC KUKA.Platform Prjdpfxezwfmzo Akvoa BoardPackage ExpertTech KUKA.PROFINET MS KUKA.UpdatePackageFirmware KUKA.UpdateService KUKA.UpdateServiceConfiguration

Condition: ready for operation (used), A good used ZD130 Kawasaki Palletising Robot and controller with Teach Pendant - D Controller Pedpfozrxf Tox Akvera Ready to ship worldwide

Year of construction: 2018, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 125102018, Manufacturer: TMA Automation sp. z o.o., Year of production: 2018 SET DESCRIPTION For sale is a complete set of two cooperating Cartesian robots manufactured by the Polish company TMA Automation, designed for use with injection molding machines. The set consists of a MIDI LINE linear robot and a UNI LINE in-mold labeling (IML) module. The robots were used in a production facility and are in a condition confirmed by technical documentation. The sale includes complete documentation. TECHNICAL DATA MIDI LINE robot (serial number: 125102018) Dimensions (L x W x H) 2400 x 2060 x 1435 mm (variable height), Weight 600 kg, Payload 8 kg, Z-axis reach 2300 mm, Y-axis reach 1400 mm, X-axis reach 1400 mm, Supply voltage 400 V / 50 Hz, Power 4.5 kW, Operating air pressure 6.5 bar UNI LINE robot with IML module (serial number: 126102018) Dimensions (L x W x H) 2540 x 1000 (1370) x 2090 mm, Weight 550 kg, Payload 8 kg, Stacker reach 1100 mm, Supply voltage 400 V / 50 Hz, Power 1.5 kW, Operating air pressure 6.5 bar EQUIPMENT INCLUDED Touchscreen control panel with a safety STOP button (e-stop), control software with the following functions: automatic mode, manual mode, no-label mode, no-part removal mode, program archive, graph and alarm module; complete technical documentation, CE marking on both machines. TECHNICAL CONDITION Robots from 2018, operated in industrial conditions (plastics injection molding). Control panel active; at the time of the photographs, program PRG 2 was selected, operating speeds: manual 22%, automatic 17%. The photographs show a red robot stop signal (standby condition, not an emergency). Podpfx Aszwdx Nokvsra Recommended before purchase: personal inspection and test run at the installation site. SALES CONDITIONS Sold only as a set. Self-collection only. Transportation is the buyer's responsibility.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2012, machine/vehicle number: R-00667, load capacity: 125 kg, arm reach: 3,005 mm, controller manufacturer: R-30iA B-Size, teach pendant manufacturer: A05B-2518-C202#EGN, Refurbished FANUC R-2000iB/125L manufactured in 2012.07. The robot comes with an R-30iA B-Size controller including iPendant.   Our experts extensively tested the robot, after which we conducted a maintenance service according to the manufacturers’ specifications. The grease is examined for the amount of iron particles, indicating the corresponding axes' condition. Only robots in excellent mechanical condition will be completely refurbished, ensuring a long-term solution for our customers. This enables us to deliver our robots with a warranty term of 12 months as standard!   Brand: FANUC Model: R-2000iB/125L Model Number: A05B-1329-B261 Year of Manufacture Robot: 2012.07 Prodpfx Aszvdq Nekvea Warranty term (months): 12   Payload (kg): 125 Reach (mm): 3005 Repeatability (mm): ± 0.2 Controlled Axes: 6-axis Installation Type: Floor Mount Weight (kg): 1190   Controller: R-30iA B-Size Year of Manufacture Cabinet: 2012.07 RCC Length (m): 7   Teach Pendant: A05B-2518-C202#EGN Teach Pendant Cable Length (m): 10    

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, number of controlled axis 6 Payload 90 kg throat 2810 mm total power requirement ca. 20 kW Pjdpfx Aksyclmajvjra weight of the machine ca. ca. 1 t dimensions of the machine ca. 5,0 x 5,0 x 3,1 m A1: +/- 185° A2: -40° / +93° A3: -210° / +58° A4: +/- 350° A5: +/- 120° A6: +/- 350°

Year of construction: 2009, operating hours: 89,479 h, condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Grinding robot for machining forged or cast water fittings, Prjdpfxezvn Tzj Akvea operating air pressure 5.5-6 bar, operating voltage 400 V-50 Hz, rated current 13 A, rated power 8 kW, ongoing maintenance until 2026, extensive range of accessories.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2022, functionality: fully functional, ABB robot track, very little use, all components including the toothed rack, motor, and plug-and-play connector are in 100% working condition. Pjdpjzwgkujfx Akvora The track is an integral part of the entire production line, which has been rebuilt to fully automate the flow of raw materials. Additional information available upon request.