Used James Burn Car Transporter Trailer for sale (30,927)

Condition: new, mileage: 50 km, power: 160 kW (217.54 HP), empty load weight: 2,550 kg, maximum load weight: 3,500 kg, fuel: diesel, gearing type: mechanical, load capacity: 950 kg, Equipment: Bluetooth, air conditioning, central locking, cruise control, onboard computer, • Aluminium platform 4600 x 1920 mm • Anti-slip floor • Aluminium ramps 2800 x 400 mm • Sliding ramps underfloor • Rubber bumpers • 2 wheel chocks • Fixed electric winch 4T Fjdpfxsx Hk A Ao Akhegf • Spare wheel • Bluetooth • Carplay & Android Auto • Reversing camera • Steering wheel controls • Suspended seat • Air conditioning

Condition: new, empty load weight: 3,320 kg, maximum load weight: 11,900 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, total length: 6,100 mm, total width: 2,500 mm, suspension: steel, load capacity: 8,580 kg, Equipment: ABS, USABLE DECK DIMENSIONS: W. 2500 x L. 6100 mm GRAVITY-TILTING DECK WITH DAMPER CYLINDER Fgodpfx Akox E R T Eohjf COMBINATION STEEL / WOOD DECK SURFACE SPARE WHEEL REAR RAMPS WITH SPRING ASSISTANCE HEIGHT-ADJUSTABLE TOWING EYE WITH BNA RING 68x42 8 LASHING POINTS HYDRAULIC SUPPORT LEG WITH HAND PUMP PNEUMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM WITH ABS STORAGE BOX

Condition: new, empty load weight: 690 kg, maximum load weight: 2,310 kg, overall weight: 3,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, loading space length: 4,000 mm, loading space width: 2,030 mm, total length: 5,374 mm, total width: 2,034 mm, total height: 830 mm, Year of construction: 2026, Humbaur Universal 3000 with wooden floor including ramps Our price - €4,500 including 19% VAT, 6.4% delivery fee, and vehicle documents. Description: A continuous floor panel on its hot-dip galvanized chassis and frame provides nearly universal transport options. You load the Universal trailer using two ramp boards, which are also protected against corrosion. Adjust the position of the boards to precisely match the track width of the vehicle. Then, simply slide the boards under the loading area. Secure the load using seven lashing rings for a stable hold. You can easily upgrade to an aluminum floor instead of a wooden floor, or aluminum sideboards, or even add a cover with a frame at any time. Technical specifications: Trailer type - Two-axle Weight - 690 kg Total weight - 3,000 kg Payload - 2,310 kg Loading area length - 4,000 mm Overall length - 5,374 mm Loading area width - 2,030 mm Overall width - 2,034 mm Overall height - 830 mm Loading height - 600 mm Tires - 10 inches Standard equipment: V-shaped drawbar, hot-dip galvanized 13-pin connector and reversing light 18 mm thick floor panel 2 hot-dip galvanized ramp boards made of grid flooring, stored under the loading area 2 support legs as standard on the 3500 kg models 7 lashing rings per side in the outer frame profile Perforations in the outer frame profile Fodpfx Aezdcphokhogf Rope winch with rope and 3-way adjustable mounting bracket Automatic support wheel

Condition: used, axle configuration: 2 axles, loading space length: 7,500 mm, loading space width: 2,300 mm, Carrying capacity: 6.000 kg Fsdpfozblq Njx Akhogf VAT/margin: VAT qualifying

Condition: used, mileage: 720,000 km, power: 368 kW (500.34 HP), fuel type: diesel, axle configuration: 6x2, fuel: diesel, color: white, driver cabin: sleeper cab, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, suspension: air, total length: 8,150 mm, total width: 2,500 mm, Year of construction: 2020, Equipment: air conditioning, electric window regulation, parking heater, power mirror, spoiler, tail-lift, Year of manufacture: 2020 Front axle: Steering; Tyre profile left: 50%; Tyre profile right: 50% Rear axle 1: Double wheels; Tyre profile left inner: 50%; Tyre profile left outer: 50%; Tyre profile right outer: 50%; Tyre profile right outer: 50% Rear axle 2: Lift axle; Steering; Tyre profile left: 40%; Tyre profile right: 40% Price: On request = Additional options and accessories = Fedpfx Ajzbci Njkhegf - Airbag - Air suspension - Alarm - Alcoa rims - Aluminium fuel tank - Central lubrication - Lock diff - Parking air conditioning / roof air conditioning - Roof spoiler - Sleeper cab - Vehicle heater

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 2,460 kg, overall weight: 3,500 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, first registration: 10/2005, loading space length: 5,000 mm, Equipment: ABS, Jacobs AT 3500 Lightweight Car Transporter Trailer, 2 Axles . For inquiries: 0426337 * Condition: very good * Permissible total weight: 3,500 kg * Unladen weight: 1,040 kg * Extendable loading ramp Dimensions (cargo area/loading platform) Cargo area length: 5,000 mm ----Price: ,- EUR + 19% VAT For further questions, you can reach us at the following numbers: Fjdpfx Akey Aqibehsgf * We speak: German, English, French, Polish, and ???? Subject to typing errors, errors and prior sale.

Condition: used, loading space length: 190,000 mm, loading space width: 30,000 mm, loading space height: 8,150 mm, total width: 30,000 mm, Year of construction: 2006, Equipment: ABS, Goldhofer STZ-H6-57/80A Extendable Low Loader for Railcar Transport Approval Technical Data 1 Speed: 80km/h 65km/h Fifth-Wheel Load: 23,000kg 26,000kg Rear Axle Load: 10,000kg 11,000kg Total Weight: 83,000kg 92,000kg Payload: 52,500kg 61,500kg Unladen Weight (without accessories): 30,500kg Gooseneck: Length: 4,000mm Width: 2,480mm Construction Height: 235mm Fifth-Wheel Height: 1,350mm Front Underride Protection: 1,420mm Rear Underride Protection: 2,700mm King Pin: 3.5 inch Taper: Beveled 10 degrees Front Corners: Beveled 45 degrees Flooring: 50mm spruce Landing Legs: mechanical Width with sideboards: 2,550mm Hydraulic STZ gooseneck with externally mounted beams, hydraulically raisable and lowerable, with mechanical drop-leg supports and hydraulic support cylinders. Hydromechanical forced steering (2-circuit steering system) in low-profile design (construction height 235mm) with adjustable guide elements and THP steering cylinders. Loading Platform: Type: Flatbed Adjustable Height: No Length: 13,000mm Width: 3,000mm Flooring: Steel/spruce 50mm Wheel Wells: No Wide Extensions: No Extendable: Single-stage telescopic First section length: 10,000mm Loading heights (loaded): Loading height 1: 815mm Telescopic loading platform, designed as a combination of outer and inner tube construction, with a fixed 1,070mm long front platform section. Integrated pin-eye coupling in the fixed platform section for connecting vessel bridge extension beams. The welded angle-section rails serve as a running track for rails with gauges of 1,000mm (rail distance 1,015mm) and 1,435mm (rail distance 1,450mm). Locking of the extension stages by spring-loaded cylinders and conical bushings. Platform height on the center tube (outer tube): approx. 815mm (+/- 130mm) Platform height on the embedded rail elements: approx. 790mm (+/- 130mm) Rear Undercarriage: Chassis type: Standard Loaded height: 815mm Width: 3,000mm Wheelbase: 1,360mm Flooring: Steel plate Wide extensions: No Wheel wells: No Excavator trough: No Fgodpfx Aksyfvypshef Axles: Number of axles: 6 Lift axle: see accessories Axle type: Offset stub axles Axle leveling: hydraulic Axle manufacturer: BPW/Eco Operating modes: 1 Axle lift (1) +/-: 130/130mm Axle lift (2) +/-: 0/0mm Raise/lower valve: Yes 1st axle pneumatically liftable with lift airbag Steering: Number of steered axles: 6 Steered axle arrangement: all steered Max. steering angle: 45° Steering type: Hydraulic, 2-circuit system Tyres: Size: 235/75 R 17.5 143/141 J Type: twin wheels Rim type: disc Rim centering: hub-centered Braking system code: According to EU standard: Yes AGS: Yes ALB: Yes ABS: Yes With ABS delete: No Parking brake: Spring-actuated EBS: No ECAS: No Note: Brake calculation no.: GH 4324S Chassis remarks: Steering designed for extended condition with greater steering angle for the front axles Open wheel cutouts above the wheels with narrow transverse beams in between (ALU covers see below accessories) Control elements protected, located on the left in the direction of travel...

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 1,004 kg, overall weight: 1,500 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 03/2026, loading space length: 3,010 mm, loading space width: 1,830 mm, loading space height: 350 mm, total width: 1,960 mm, total height: 1,000 mm, A58 GW26GA00050, high-loader, manufacturer STEMA, model SySTEMA SH .1, gross weight: 1,500 kg, open platform, 3.01 m x 1.83 m, 100 km/h, overrun braked, low chassis... and much more. Errors and prior sale excepted. Fsdpfxjyqdrdj Akhjgf

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 630 kg, overall weight: 750 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 03/2025, loading space length: 2,070 mm, loading space width: 1,145 mm, loading space height: 330 mm, total width: 1,495 mm, total height: 870 mm, A62 GW26RGA30254, type FT 7.5-20-10.1, open platform, WSE01AKC7, gross weight 750kg, 100km/h, jockey wheel installed ...and much more. Vehicle not refurbished. Subject to errors and prior sale. Fgodpfoyqdrkox Akhef

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 2,184 kg, overall weight: 2,700 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 03/2026, loading space length: 3,070 mm, loading space width: 1,830 mm, loading space height: 350 mm, total width: 2,320 mm, total height: 970 mm, A54 GW26NG000061, * 100 km/h version with installed shock absorbers * Secure and professional angle lever locks made of cast steel * Robust and durable hinge strips * Maintenance-free rubber suspension axle and quality brand tires * Drop-down side panels at the front and rear * All-round protected safety lighting * Double corrosion protection thanks to GALVALUME aluminum-zinc coating * Underride guard according to EU standards Fgedsyqdr Depfx Akhjf Low loader tandem axle manufactured by STEMA, type SySTEMA ST .2, total weight: 2,700 kg, overrun braked, 3.01 m x 1.83 m, 100 km/h ...and much more. Errors and prior sale excepted.

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 1,115 kg, overall weight: 1,500 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 03/2026, loading space length: 3,010 mm, loading space width: 1,670 mm, loading space height: 161 mm, total width: 2,200 mm, total height: 1,185 mm, * Universal transporter by Pongratz, type L-PAT 300/16 G-K, vehicle transporter, gross weight: 1,500 kg, with loading ramp, low loader, overrun brake, and much more. Errors and prior sale excepted. Fsdpfx Akjyn Uggjhogf

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 334 kg, overall weight: 1,000 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 03/2026, loading space length: 2,530 mm, loading space width: 1,300 mm, loading space height: 80 mm, total width: 1,995 mm, total height: 400 mm, A35 GW26GA00006 Lowerable Trailer Manufacturer: STEMA, Model WOM STS XT .1 Gross weight: 1,000 kg, Low-bed trailer, hydraulically lowerable, with overrun brake * Pivot axle with new kinematics * Support wheel * Hydraulic hand pump * Extremely stable welded frame with integrated railing Fgedpfx Akoyn Ugashsf * Additional central lashing rail * Waterproof phenolic plywood floor * Modern Multipoint III lighting with reversing and fog lamps * Optimal road holding thanks to stable, hot-dip galvanized chassis with STEMA safety V-drawbar * 2 wheel chocks * 2 mud flaps * Patented foldable license plate holder * Vehicle not refurbished...and much more. Errors and prior sale reserved.

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 2,184 kg, overall weight: 2,700 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, first registration: 02/2026, loading space length: 3,070 mm, loading space width: 1,830 mm, total width: 2,320 mm, total height: 980 mm, Low-loader tandem axle trailer, manufacturer STEMA, type SySTEMA ST .2, gross weight: 2,700 kg, overrun braked, 100 km/h permissible speed... and much more. Subject to errors and prior sale. Fedpfx Aksym Ihbehsgf

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 1,004 kg, overall weight: 1,500 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 03/2026, loading space length: 3,010 mm, loading space width: 1,830 mm, loading space height: 350 mm, total width: 1,960 mm, total height: 1,000 mm, A59 GW26RGA00049, high-loader by manufacturer STEMA, type SySTEMA SH .1, gross weight: 1,500 kg, open platform, 3.01 m x 1.83 m, 100 km/h, overrun brake, low chassis... and much more. Errors and prior sale excepted. Fsdpfx Akjyqdp Nshegf

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 1,093 kg, overall weight: 1,500 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, first registration: 03/2026, loading space length: 2,570 mm, loading space width: 1,530 mm, loading space height: 350 mm, total width: 1,660 mm, total height: 1,045 mm, A60 GW267PGA001 100 km/h version with shock absorbers installed Sideboards, railing, and more: with recessed, double-coated, and adjustable latches * Drop-down and removable sideboards on all sides Fgedpfeyqdp Asx Akhsf * Anodized aluminum sideboards * 34.5 cm high * With robust wide-band hinges Attachment points for tarpaulins and nets: fitted fastening buttons for securing tarpaulins and nets Chassis and frame: optimum road stability thanks to test-track-proven chassis with STEMA safety V-drawbar * Tow hitch with safety indicator * Bolted chassis * Plastic scratch protection on tow hitch High loader, tandem axle, Manufacturer: STEMA, Type: SySTEMA SH .2, Gross weight: 1,500 kg, braked overrun, 2.51 m x 1.53 m, 100 km/h approval, etc. Errors and prior sale excepted.

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 911 kg, overall weight: 1,300 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 02/2026, loading space length: 3,070 mm, loading space width: 1,530 mm, loading space height: 350 mm, total width: 1,660 mm, total height: 1,000 mm, A9 GA00084, Flatbed trailer, type SySTEMA SH .1, WSESHPF3XRGA00084, with overrun brake, open box body, 3.01 m x 1.53 m, 13" tyres, 100 km/h Loading height: 600 mm Errors and prior sale excepted. Fgjdpfx Aoym If Hekhjf

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 2,506 kg, overall weight: 3,500 kg, first registration: 01/2022, total width: 2,370 mm, total height: 1,865 mm, Errors and prior sale excepted! Internal number: A69. The vehicle is unprepared! Nationwide delivery available at an additional cost. Errors and prior sale excepted. We are happy to accept your vehicle as a trade-in. Financing / leasing also possible with no down payment! Do you have any questions? We are happy to advise you! Fodoy Aikdepfx Akhogf

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 2,739 kg, overall weight: 3,500 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, first registration: 06/2022, loading space length: 4,070 mm, loading space width: 2,070 mm, loading space height: 100 mm, total width: 2,160 mm, total height: 745 mm, A24. GW26G000233, * 100 km/h version with shock absorbers installed * Cleverly stowed, lightweight ALU loading ramps under the loading deck for convenient loading and unloading. * Simply pull them out of the guide shaft and securely hook them in place. * The side perforated railing with multiple additional lashing points ensures your load is held securely. Fgsdpfsyn Ud Eex Akhsf Vehicle transport trailer by STEMA, type Carrier XL - SHA .2, reg. no.: L-AH 138, GVWR: 3,500 kg, with heavy-duty support legs, loading ramps behind the license plate, braked with overrun brake, 100 km/h Vehicle not prepared, errors and intermediate sale reserved.

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 1,950 kg, overall weight: 2,700 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, first registration: 02/2026, loading space length: 4,000 mm, loading space width: 2,010 mm, loading space height: 115 mm, total width: 2,540 mm, total height: 640 mm, A26 GW26NGA00003 Passenger Car Transport Trailer, Manufacturer: STEMA, Model: FTAK 27-40-21.2 Gross Weight: 2,700 kg, inertia-braked, WAP901 hand winch, low-loader, hydraulically tiltable. Base frame: Extremely robust and torsion-resistant with crash-tested safety V-drawbar. Tiltable, sturdy frame design with safety locks. All frame components are hot-dip galvanized for corrosion resistance. Running rails: Extra-wide, perforated, non-slip zinc-plated running rails with large elongated holes for securely fastening tie-down straps. The extra-wide rail makes it easy to transport vehicles with different wheelbases. Integrated ramps allow for easy loading and unloading. Side walls: Signal red powder coating (corrosion-proof and scratch-resistant) for enhanced safety. Vehicle not refurbished Fjdpfx Aksyn Ubqohsgf ...and much more. Errors and prior sale excepted.

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 718 kg, overall weight: 1,000 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 03/2026, loading space length: 2,100 mm, loading space width: 1,530 mm, loading space height: 350 mm, total width: 2,020 mm, total height: 945 mm, A55 GW26NG000088 Low loader by STEMA, model SySTEMA ST .1 * 100 km/h version with shock absorbers installed * Secure and professional steel cast angled lever locks * Robust & durable hinge bands * Maintenance-free rubber suspension axle and quality brand tires * Aluminum side walls, foldable at the front and rear * Full perimeter protected safety lighting * Double corrosion protection through GALVALUME aluminum-zinc coating * Underride guard compliant with EC standards Gross weight: 1,000 kg, braked, low loader, open bed, 2.10 m x 1.53 m, some impact damage on the planks, 100 km/h Fgjdjyqdm Ispfx Akhsf ...and much more. Errors and prior sale excepted.

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 1,037 kg, overall weight: 1,500 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 05/2022, loading space length: 3,070 mm, loading space width: 1,830 mm, loading space height: 600 mm, total width: 1,900 mm, total height: 600 mm, A10 GW26G000366 Vehicle transport trailer by STEMA, model Carrier XL 15-30-18.1, Registration no.: L-AH 142, chassis no.: WSEHARF41NG000366, GVW: 1,500 kg, high-loader, with overrun brake, 100 km/h, 2 loading ramps behind the license plate, new tires Errors and prior sale excepted. Fgedpfxsym Ifge Akhsf

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 718 kg, overall weight: 1,000 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, first registration: 03/2026, loading space length: 2,100 mm, loading space width: 1,530 mm, loading space height: 350 mm, total width: 2,020 mm, total height: 945 mm, A53 GW26NG000092 Low-loader trailer, manufacturer: STEMA, model: SySTEMA ST .1 * 100 km/h version with built-in shock absorbers * Secure and professional steel cast cam latches * Robust & durable hinge bands * Maintenance-free rubber-sprung axle and quality brand tires * Drop-down aluminum side panels, front and rear * All-round protected safety lighting * Double corrosion protection thanks to GALVALUME aluminum-zinc coating * Underrun protection compliant with EC regulations Fgedpfeyqdmuox Akhsf Gross weight: 1,000 kg, overrun braked, low-loader, open box bed, 2.10 m x 1.53 m, damage to planks due to impact, 100 km/h ...and much more. Subject to errors and prior sale.

Condition: used, overall weight: 2,500 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, first registration: 06/2026, Anka / STEINSBERGER 2 Horse Trailers with Living Area Aluminum floor, 2 beds, fully equipped living area, seating area, with shower, refrigerator, microwave, sink, and opening window. Weight: 2,700 kg Available in all custom colors upon request, TV, TÜV certificate, and delivery within Germany. Subject to errors and changes. * NET SALE POSSIBLE. * TOP leasing offer available. Location and viewing of our vehicles: STX HORSETRUCKS GERMANY Hamburgerstrasse 65 23816 Leezen Sales and service of all makes of horse trucks and trailers. Fsdpfxoyr U Avj Akhegf Please make an appointment in advance. Richard Theurer Andreas Theurer

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: NEW - 50, empty load weight: 223 kg, maximum load weight: 777 kg, overall weight: 1,000 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, loading space length: 2,050 mm, loading space width: 1,130 mm, loading space height: 430 mm, maximum speed: 100 km/h, trailer brake: trailer braked, Year of construction: 2026, SARIS CW 205 113 1000 1 NEW VEHICLE Internal dimensions: 205cm x 113cm Sidewall height incl. railing: 43cm Loading platform height: 52cm Gross vehicle weight: 1000kg Payload: 777kg Braked single-axle low loader Overrun brake and handbrake by AL-KO 1000kg axle with 1350kg brake Low chassis Fully welded, hot-dip galvanized steel frame 15mm thick, robust phenolic plywood side panels Steel railing Rear tailgate foldable and removable with tension latch 15mm strong, non-slip and robust phenolic plywood floor Jockey wheel 6 lashing rings with 400kg pull force each 13" tyres 2x U-chocks Net/rope hooks on frame 13-pin plug Front marker lights Rear lights with reversing light, rear fog light, and triangular reflector OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES PERMANENTLY PRICE REDUCED FROM FEBRUARY 2026 Fgsdpfxsrk Ikqs Akhof - 100km/h equipment (shock absorbers) - Spare wheel with holder - Foldable and removable front wall - Loading ramps - Full LED lighting - Anti-theft device - Fine or coarse mesh net - H-frame - Mesh sides in various heights, also closed - Flat tarpaulin with or without bows - High tarpaulin 120cm, openable on all sides - Rear supports More accessories available on request! Plus freight to Gera and vehicle registration document €100 net Pictures are examples and may show optional accessories at extra cost. Haven't found the right trailer yet? We have 50–100 vehicles permanently in stock, ready for immediate collection. The workshop is open weekdays from 8:00 to 17:00 for all types of repairs. Specialist in axle repairs, including caravan axles. Large selection of rental trailers. In addition, we offer a wide range of spare parts and accessories for trailers from all manufacturers. Get advice by phone, visit our website, or drop by in person.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: NEW-19, empty load weight: 265 kg, maximum load weight: 1,085 kg, overall weight: 1,350 kg, axle configuration: 1 axle, loading space length: 2,550 mm, loading space width: 1,330 mm, loading space height: 430 mm, maximum speed: 100 km/h, trailer brake: trailer braked, Year of construction: 2026, SARIS CW 255 133 1350 NEW VEHICLE Fodpeghpbvefx Akhsgf Internal dimensions: 255cm x 133cm Side panel height incl. railing: 43cm Loading area height: 51cm Total weight: 1350Kg Payload: 1085Kg Braked single-axle low-loader Overrun brake and parking brake by AL-KO 1350Kg axle with brake Low chassis Fully welded, hot-dip galvanized steel frame 15mm thick, robust screen-printed plywood side panels Steel railing Rear side panel foldable and removable with tensioning fastener 15mm thick, non-slip and robust screen-printed plywood floor Drawbar wheel 6 lashing eyes with 400Kg tensile force 14" reinforced C tires 2x U-shaped chock M+S tires Net/rope hook on the frame 13-pin connector Side marker lights at the front Rear lamps with reversing light and triangular reflector OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES – PERMANENTLY REDUCED PRICE FROM FEBRUARY 2026 -Equipment for 100km/h (shock absorbers) -Spare wheel with holder -Ramps -SARIS aluminum rims -Complete LED lighting -Anti-theft device -Fine or coarse mesh net -H-frame -Leaf grid in various heights, also closed -Flat cover with or without bow -High cover 150cm or 180cm -Rear supports Further accessories available on request! Plus shipping to Gera and vehicle registration document 150 € net Images are for illustrative purposes and may show optional accessories at an extra cost. Have you not yet found the right trailer? We have 50-100 vehicles permanently in stock and available for immediate pickup. The workshop is open on weekdays from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. for all types of repairs. Specialist in axle repair, also for caravans. Large selection of rental trailers. Hnobqeghpbyeupd Nfoh In addition, we have a large selection of spare parts and accessories for trailers from all manufacturers. Get advice by phone, visit our website or come by directly.