Used Baling Press for sale (12,444)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, Brand: HSM Model: V-Press 1160 plus Year of manufacture: 2014 Pressing force: 532 kN Voltage: 400 Max. bale weight: up to 550 kg (depending on the material) Bale dimensions: 120 x 110 x 120 cm Machine weight: 2403 kg Machine dimensions: 180 x 157 x 298.5 cm Feed opening dimensions: 119.5 cm x 65 cm The HSM 1160 V-Press offers simple operation, a powerful pressing force, and is energy-efficient. Are you looking for a more compact model? Then take a look at the HSM 860 – ideal for those who want to save space without compromising on pressing force. Ijdez Rmg Uspfx Amgeih Video available upon request!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1993, operating hours: 30,703 h, functionality: fully functional, bale height: 700 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input current: 85 A, operating pressure: 250 bar, input frequency: 50 Hz, Equipment: documentation/manual, We are offering this used Avermann AVOS BP 1411-60 baling press with conveyor belt, manufactured in 1993, for sale. If you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to send us a message or call us. The machine is expected to be dismantled and prepared for loading at the beginning of November. Inspections can be arranged prior to this date. Iisdpsz H Ardefx Amgsh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2010, Brand: DIXI Model: 60 SD Iiodpfsz Iufrox Amgjh Year of construction: 2010 Pressing force: 60 tons Voltage: 400 Maximum bale weight: 340-500 kg Bale dimensions: approx. 120 x 80 x 80-110 cm Machine weight: 2400 kg Machine dimensions: 190 cm wide x 140 cm deep x 230 cm high Dimensions of filling opening: 115 cm x 80 cm deep x 55 cm high The DIXI 60 SD features simple operation, an automatic start function, and automatic bale ejection. Thanks to its compact, low-profile design, this machine is ideal for spaces with limited height. Video available upon request!

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: V309866-20, pressing force: 126 t, filling opening width: 1,620 mm, filling opening length: 1,000 mm, bale length: 1,800 mm, bale width: 1,100 mm, bale height: 720 mm, bale weight: 650 kg, total height: 7,034 mm, type of input current: DC, input voltage: 400 V, overall weight: 43,000 kg, noise level: 85 dB, pressure: 280 bar, oil tank capacity: 2,700 l, power: 160 kW (217.54 HP), empty load weight: 43,000 kg, protection type (IP code): IP55, stroke length: 2,900 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Ijdpfx Ameznm H Degjih

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2009, functionality: fully functional, pressing force: 60 t, filling opening width: 1,000 mm, filling opening length: 1,450 mm, bale length: 1,800 mm, bale width: 1,100 mm, bale height: 750 mm, total width: 2,500 mm, total height: 3,500 mm, total length: 9,255 mm, overall weight: 14,000 kg, warranty duration: 12 months, transport height: 2,587 mm, transport width: 2,500 mm, transport length: 6,645 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, For sale is a bale press, model EP 6000 V5, manufactured in 2009. Before delivery, the machine will be completely overhauled and technically refurbished by our qualified personnel. Our goal is to provide you with a reliable and immediately operational machine that meets the demands of daily operation. The overhaul includes, among other things, the following services: • Disassembly and inspection of relevant machine components • Evaluation of all wear-relevant components • Replacement or refurbishment of worn parts • Inspection and repair of the press ram and associated guide elements • Inspection and, if necessary, replacement of wear plates, sliding guides, and bearing points Iedozgf Hgepfx Amgoih • Inspection of the press channel and restoration of the required tolerances • Overhaul of the hydraulic components, including cylinders, valve technology, and hydraulic hoses • Replacement of seals, wear parts, and connecting elements • Inspection of the electrical components and safety devices • Inspection and readjustment of the bale tying device • Cleaning, assembly, and commissioning of the overhauled system • Performance of functional and load tests after completion of the work Thanks to the comprehensive overhaul, you will receive a technically inspected machine with high operational reliability and a long service life. We would be happy to provide you with further information, photos, or a customized offer. If you are interested, we look forward to hearing from you.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, total width: 1,366 mm, total height: 2,546 mm, total length: 2,013 mm, overall weight: 720 kg, Owrak vertical baling press, like new, manufactured in 09/2025 Specifications: Infeed opening (width): 1003 mm Infeed opening (height): 460 mm Press cycle time: 40 seconds Pressing force: HP: 8 tons (80 kN) LP: 5 tons (50 kN) Bale dimensions (weight): Width: 1,000 mm Depth: 800 mm Height: 1,000 mm Bale weight for cardboard: Up to 150 kg Bale weight for plastic: Up to 190 kg Machine weight: 720 kg Noise level: 62.3 dB(A) Iiodpfx Amjz Smd Djgsh Protection class: IP55 Power supply: Single-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz, 10 A An inspection can be arranged at any time. Transportation can be organized for an additional fee.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2009, functionality: fully functional, pressing force: 61 t, filling opening width: 1,420 mm, filling opening length: 972 mm, bale width: 1,100 mm, bale height: 720 mm, total width: 2,085 mm, total length: 8,740 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, overall weight: 18,000 kg, pressure: 280 bar, oil tank capacity: 800 l, power: 22 kW (29.91 HP), Used Baseline 60 for sale. The machine underwent its last maintenance in March 2026, and nothing unusual was found. The machine is fully functional and has now been taken out of production. The machine is in good condition. Technical specifications: Year of construction: 2009 Main pump drive: 22 kW Needle drive: 4 kW Filter pump: 2.2 kW Oil cooler: 1.5 kW Working pressure: 280 bar Oil tank capacity: 800 L Pressing force: 61 tons Specific pressing pressure: 7.7 kg/cm2 Pressing stroke: 2000 mm Dimensions of pressing channel: 1100 x 720 mm Volume of pressing chamber: 1.6 m3 Bale length (adjustable): 1300 mm Bale weight (approximate): up to approximately 500 kg Number of binding wires: 5 vertical Dimensions of filling chute: 1420 x 972 mm Iijdozlnb Djpfx Amgoh Weight of press: approximately 18 tons Noise level: < 85 dB(A) Average cycle time: 19.2 sec Capacity (depending on the material, material feed, and bale weight): 30 kg/m3: 6.9 tons/hour 60 kg/m3: 12.8 tons/hour 100 kg/m3: 19.2 tons/hour 150 kg/m3: 25.8 tons/hour

Condition: ready for operation (used), Vertical baler Dixi 50S PET Year of manufacture: 2019-2021 Bale dimensions (L x W x H) (mm): 1200 x 800 x 800 - 1100 Bale weight (kg): approx. 350-500 kg Technical data (L x W x H) (mm): 1600 x 1300 x 3100 Filling opening (mm): 1200 x 670 Pressing force: 50 tons Power supply: 400 V Iisdpjv Amtksfx Amgeh

Condition: used, Orwak 3410 Swedish Industrial Vertical Paper Baler / Waste Baling Press (Pressing force 24t, 4 kW), Used Equipment Technical Data: Manufacturer: Orwak AB (Made in Sweden) Type: 3410 (Product No.: 4903410-00) Serial No.: 82268 Net Weight: 1350 kg Overall Dimensions (W × D × H): 1600 × 1100 × 3050 mm Bale Dimensions (W × D × H): 1200 × 800 × 900 mm Bale weight: up to 400 kg (Pressing force 24t, 4 kW) Electrical Data: Power Supply: 3 × 400 V / 50 Hz (3-phase) Motor Power: 4.0 kW Rated Current: 9.8 A Iedpfx Ajz Rn Awemgjih Equipment and Features: Convenient, wide top loading opening for fast material loading Integrated strapping band holders for quick and easy bale tying Quiet, enclosed hydraulic operation with high compaction force Door mechanism with safety interlock Durable Swedish technology designed for exceptionally low maintenance costs

Condition: ready for operation (used), Dixi 60 hydraulic press, manufactured in 2019 Pressing force: 60 tons Iiodpfxjv Alace Amgoh Beam dimensions: 120 x 80 x 110 cm Press dimensions: 1900 x 1400 x 2200 mm (height) Press weight: approx. 2430 kg Beam weight: up to 500 kg Oil heating Motor: 7.5 kW

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, pressing force: 58 t, Very good condition, fully functional, low operating hours, year of manufacture 2021, pressing force 58 tons. Iiedpfx Aoyzw U Uemgsh New price: seen for €19,500 Pressure cylinder has been dismantled for transport, inspection possible by appointment. Further presses in stock.

Condition: used, Model: HSM V-press 1160 plus baler Pressing force (kN): 59 Output (bales/h): 1-2 Ijdpfx Amev Al Tijgoih Max. bale size (mm): 1200x1100x1000-1200 Dimensions (L x W x H, mm): 1780x1150x2985 Power (kW): 4kW Weight (kg): 2300 Year of manufacture: 2018-2019

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2017, Brand: HSM Type: V-Press 1160 plus Year of manufacture: 2017 Pressing force: 532 kN Voltage: 400 Max. bale weight: up to 550 kg (depending on the material) Bale dimensions: 120 x 110 x 120 cm Machine weight: 2403 kg Machine dimensions: 180 x 157 x 298.5 cm Isdpfxsz Imlqs Amgjih Feed opening dimensions: 119.5 cm x 65 cm The HSM 1160 V-Press features simple operation, a powerful pressing force, and is energy-efficient. Are you looking for a more compact model? Then take a look at the HSM 860 – ideal for those who want to save space without compromising on pressing force. Video available upon request!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, functionality: limited functionality, pressing force: 110 t, filling opening width: 1,000 mm, filling opening length: 1,400 mm, bale length: 1,200 mm, bale height: 800 mm, bale weight: 500 kg, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, input current: 161 A, overall weight: 36,000 kg, oil tank capacity: 1,500 l, power: 90 kW (122.37 HP), input frequency: 50 Hz, Equipment: documentation/manual, We are offering this used EUROPRESS channel baling press, model 8300 V 5 K, manufactured in 2010. Type: Channel baling press 8300 V 5 K Factory number: 10060294 Drawing number: 2300000 Year of manufacture: 2010 Weight: approx. 36,000 kg Rated voltage: 3 x 400 V / 50 Hz Drive power: 90 kW Iodpfx Amjzwpdwjgjih Rated current: approx. 161 A If you have any questions or require further information, please feel free to send us a message or call us.

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, pressing force: 59 t, filling opening width: 1,190 mm, filling opening length: 600 mm, bale length: 1,180 mm, bale width: 700 mm, bale height: 800 mm, bale weight: 350 kg, total width: 1,059 mm, total height: 2,871 mm, total length: 1,838 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, input current: 16 A, overall weight: 2,300 kg, warranty duration: 6 months, transport height: 2,050 mm, power: 4 kW (5.44 HP), year of last overhaul: 2026, transport width: 1,059 mm, transport length: 1,838 mm, protection type (IP code): IP54, input frequency: 50 Hz, stroke length: 890 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Brand: Strautmann Umwelttechnik GmbH The stated price is exclusive of statutory value-added tax, ex works and without packaging. The press has been cleaned, functionally tested, repaired, and equipped with a new control system in accordance with EN16500. All spare parts used are original parts from Strautmann. Technical details: Manufacturer: Strautmann Umwelttechnik Type: PP 1207 Bale dimensions (L x W x H): 1180 x 700 x 800 mm External dimensions (L x W x H): 1838 x 1059 x 2871 mm Transport height: 2050 mm Feed opening: 1190 x 600 mm Pressing force: 59 tons / 580 kN Throughput: 1 - 2 bales / hour Number of belt channels: 4 Weight of the press: 2,300 kg Power supply: 400 V / 50 Hz Power consumption: 4 kW Installation location: indoors / outdoors under a roof Includes starter kit with bale strap, 19mm Iisdpjzwwu Rofx Amgoh Serial number: 610.01.434 Year of manufacture: 2005

Condition: ready for operation (used), Bramidan 4-0F Engine: 4 kW Press dimensions: 250 x 100 x 255 cm Bale dimensions: 1100 x 700 x 950 cm Bale weight: 200-250 kg Pressure: 18 tons Weight: 1580 This machine is used to reduce the volume of waste materials such as film, paper, etc. Iiodpfjv Ai Uqox Amgsh Price: 4800 EUR Aventek MK 2500 baler This is an industrial baler for compressing waste materials such as: film cardboard/paper plastics Pressing force: 25 tons Bale weight: 400 kg, depending on the material Bale dimensions: approx. 1200 × 800 × 800 mm Cycle time: approx. 50 s Power supply: 400 V Engine power: approx. 5.5 kW Year: 2013 Price: 6500 EUR ORWAK 9020 baler: - 2.2 kW engine - 380V - 20 tons pressure - bale dimension 1100x700x800 - bale weight: depends on the raw material, 200-300 kg Price: 5500 EUR

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 41 h, functionality: fully functional, Baling press HSM V-Press 825 Plus Pro Year of manufacture: 2020 Operating hours: 41 hours Bale counter: 145 bales Machine is fully functional, inspected, and maintained. Technical data: Width x Depth x Height: 1700 x 1248 x 2370 mm Bale length x Bale width x Bale height: 1200 x 780 x 700 mm Width x Height of the feed opening: 1195 x 540 mm Weight: 1210 kg Type of consumable material: Strapping band Material to be baled: Film, mixed paper, cardboard, stamping waste, clothing Iiodpoz H Saqjfx Amgjh Pressing force: 250 kN Voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz Power: 4.0 kW Rated current: 9.0 AMP

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, pressing force: 54 t, bale length: 1,200 mm, bale width: 800 mm, bale height: 1,100 mm, bale weight: 400 kg, total width: 2,150 mm, total height: 2,160 mm, total length: 1,700 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, Strautmann AutoLoadBaler baling press – Year of manufacture: 2015 Used automatic Strautmann AutoLoadBaler baling press for efficient compression of cardboard and other suitable recyclable materials. Technical data: Manufacturer: Strautmann Model: AutoLoadBaler Year of manufacture: 2015 Pressing force: 530 kN (approx. 54 tons) Motor power: 4 kW Power supply: 3 x 400 V / 50 Hz Bale dimensions: approx. 1,200 x 800 x 1,100 mm Bale weight: approx. 400 kg, depending on the material External dimensions: approx. 1,700 x 2,150 x 2,160 mm (L x W x H) The AutoLoadBaler enables comfortable and efficient compression of recyclable materials and significantly reduces the volume of material. For transport, the machine can be partially disassembled. The hydraulic ram must then be professionally reassembled. Isdpfx Aoz Huhkjmgjih Inspection possible by arrangement. All information without guarantee. Subject to prior sale.

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 2006, functionality: fully functional, pressing force: 59 t, filling opening width: 1,190 mm, filling opening length: 600 mm, bale length: 1,180 mm, bale width: 700 mm, bale height: 800 mm, bale weight: 350 kg, total width: 1,059 mm, total height: 2,871 mm, total length: 1,838 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, input current: 16 A, overall weight: 2,300 kg, warranty duration: 6 months, transport height: 2,050 mm, power: 4 kW (5.44 HP), year of last overhaul: 2026, transport width: 1,059 mm, transport length: 1,838 mm, protection type (IP code): IP54, input frequency: 50 Hz, stroke length: 890 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Brand: Strautmann Umwelttechnik GmbH The stated price is exclusive of statutory value-added tax, ex works, and excludes packaging. The press has been cleaned, function-tested, repaired, and equipped with a new control system according to EN16500. All replacement parts used are original parts from Strautmann. Technical details: Manufacturer: Strautmann Umwelttechnik Type: PP 1207 Bale dimensions (L x W x H): 1180 x 700 x 800 mm External dimensions (L x W x H): 1838 x 1059 x 2871 mm Transport height: 2050 mm Feed opening: 1190 x 600 mm Pressing force: 59 tons / 580 kN Throughput: 1 - 2 bales / hour Number of belt channels: 4 Weight of the press: 2,300 kg Power supply: 400 V / 50 Hz Iiodpfxozwwrio Amgjh Power consumption: 4 kW Installation location: indoors / outdoors under a roof Includes starter kit bale strapping, 19 mm Serial number: 610.01.752 Year of manufacture: 2006

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, total width: 920 mm, total height: 2,350 mm, total length: 1,460 mm, overall weight: 277 kg, Like-new Owrak baling press Compactor 3075, manufactured in 2025. Specifications: Iodpfsz Smlbex Amgoih Feed opening – width: 704 mm Feed opening – height: 565 mm Press cycle time: 40 seconds Pressing force (HP): 4 t (40 kN) Pressing force (LP): 3 t (30 kN) Bale width: 700 mm Bale depth: 500 mm Bale height: 700 mm Bale weight (cardboard): Up to 70 kg Bale weight (plastic): Up to 70 kg Machine weight: 277 kg Noise level: 62.3 dB(A) Protection rating: IP55 Power supply: Single-phase, 230 V

Condition: ready for operation (used), HSM V-Press 860 baler, year 2008–2009, price: €5,800 Pressing force: 54 kN Specific pressing force: 63.46 N/cm² Drive power: 7.5 kW Cycle time: 25 s Iedpfxora Rbgs Amgjih Loading height: 1,110 mm Feed opening width x height: 1,195 x 650 mm Bale dimensions (L x W x H): 1,200 x 780 x 1,200 mm Bale weight: 480 kg Machine dimensions (W x D x H): 1,797 x 1,247 x 2,985 mm Machine weight: 2,008 kg Binding material: wire Materials processed: foil, mixed paper, cardboard, die-cut waste, textiles, Big Bags, polystyrene HSM V-Press 860 plus, year 2013–2015, price: €8,000 HSM V-Press 860 L, year 2015, price: €9,000 HSM V-Press 860 plus, year 2019, price: €9,000 HSM V-Press 860 plus, year 2024, price: €10,000 HSM V-Press 860, new/ex-demo, year 2020, price: €13,000 4-fold bale wire tying Bale dimensions (L x W x H, mm): 1,200 x 800 x 1,000–1,200 Bale weight: approx. 500 kg Technical data (L x W x H, mm): 1,213 x 1,824 x 2,987 Feed opening (mm): 1,200 x 565 Cycle (s): 35 Pressing force (t): 54 Power supply (V): 400 (three-phase) HSM V-Press 860 plus B, year 2020, price: €14,000 Pressing force: 594 kN Voltage/Frequency: 400 V/50 Hz Drive power: 4 kW Feed opening width x height: 1,500 x 651 mm Bale dimensions (L x W x H): 1,500 x 780 x 1,200 mm Bale weight: 550 kg Feeding type: Manual Machine dimensions (W x D x H): 2,099 x 1,245 x 2,985 mm Machine weight: 2,336 kg Binding material: wire Material processed: foil, cardboard Idle cycle time: 25 s

Condition: good (used), Bramidan B 20 Baler Bale dimensions – L x W x H (mm) 1200 x 800 x 800 Feed opening – L x H (mm) 1200 x 480 Pressing force 20 tons Motor (kW) 4.0 Cycle time (s) 36 / 21 Baler dimensions – L x W x H (mm) 1775 x 1030 x 2790 Weight (kg) 1600 Stroke (mm) 750 Number of bale ties 4 Year of manufacture 2012 - 2017 Price 4300 EUR Bramidan X25 – High-performance baler for compressing waste Suitable for various materials, including stretchable materials Large, wide chamber Safety locks to prevent the compressed material from expanding in the chamber Short cycle time allows for quick disposal of waste TYPES OF WASTE: Cardboard Plastic film Paper PET bottles Aluminum cans Hard plastics Textiles EPS polystyrene Steel cans BALE DIMENSIONS 1200 x 800 x 800 mm PRESSING FORCE 25 tons BALE WEIGHT Cardboard (kg): 200-300 Plastic film (kg): 250-350 Year of manufacture 2012-2018 Price 5500 EUR ORWAK 3410 For paper waste, film, cans, PET bottles. Pressing force 24 tons. Power supply: 3-phase 400 V, 50 Hz Bale dimensions Width: 1200 mm Depth: 800 mm Height: 1000 mm Bale weight: up to 400 kg Year of manufacture 2010-2013 Price 4000 EUR Orwak 3420 Year of manufacture 2014 Price 5000 EUR Iedpfxov Aku Se Amgeih Bramidan 4-OS Baler - price 5200 EUR Pressing force 50 tons 4-X25 Baler - price 4500 EUR

Condition: ready for operation (used), Brand: Dixi Type: 16 S Iisdpfx Amjz Ep Snogsh Pressing force: 5 tons Voltage: 400 Maximum bale weight: 100-150 kg Machine dimensions: 147 x 80 x 196 cm Feed opening dimensions: 102.5 cm x 68 cm Machine weight: 840 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, pressing force: 59 t, filling opening width: 1,190 mm, filling opening length: 600 mm, bale length: 1,200 mm, bale width: 730 mm, bale height: 1,100 mm, bale weight: 500 kg, total width: 1,047 mm, total height: 3,079 mm, total length: 1,850 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, overall weight: 2,300 kg, input frequency: 50 Hz, Strautmann PP 1207 Plus Baler – Year of manufacture 2004 Used vertical baler, Strautmann PP 1207 Plus, for the efficient compaction of cardboard, paper, film and other suitable recyclable materials. Technical data: Manufacturer: Strautmann Model: PP 1207 Plus Year of manufacture: 2004 Pressing force: 580 kN / approx. 59 tons Motor power: 4 kW Power supply: 400 V / 50 Hz Bale dimensions: approx. 1,200 x 1,100 x 730 mm Bale weight: approx. 400–500 kg, depending on the material Feed opening: approx. 1,190 x 600 mm Machine weight: approx. 2,300 kg Dimensions: approx. 1,850 x 1,047 x 3,079 mm (L x W x H) Transport height: approx. 2,170 mm Noise level: below 80 dB(A) Isdpfxoz Ht Ezs Amgjih The machine is suitable for volume reduction and compaction of cardboard, paper and film. For transport, the machine can be partially disassembled. The hydraulic ram must then be reassembled professionally. Inspection possible by appointment. All information without guarantee. Subject to prior sale.

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, pressing force: 59 t, filling opening width: 1,190 mm, filling opening length: 400 mm, bale length: 1,180 mm, bale width: 700 mm, bale height: 800 mm, bale weight: 350 kg, total width: 1,059 mm, total height: 2,871 mm, total length: 1,838 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, input current: 16 A, overall weight: 2,300 kg, warranty duration: 6 months, transport height: 2,050 mm, power: 4 kW (5.44 HP), year of last overhaul: 2026, transport width: 1,059 mm, transport length: 1,838 mm, protection type (IP code): IP54, input frequency: 50 Hz, stroke length: 890 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Brand: Strautmann Umwelttechnik GmbH The stated price is exclusive of statutory value-added tax, ex works and without packaging. The baler has been cleaned, functionally tested and repaired. All replacement parts used are original parts from Strautmann. Technical details: Manufacturer: Strautmann Umwelttechnik Type: PP 1207 Bale size (L x W x H): 1180 x 700 x 800 mm External dimensions (L x W x H): 1838 x 1059 x 2871 mm Transport height: 2050 mm Feed opening: 1190 x 400 mm Pressing force: 59 tons / 580 kN Throughput: 1 - 2 bales / hour Number of belt channels: 4 Weight of the baler: 2,300 kg Power supply: 400 V / 50 Hz Iiedszwwp Ijpfx Amgsh Power consumption: 4 kW Installation location: indoors / outdoors under cover Includes starter set of baling wire, 19mm Serial number: 533.02.442 Year of manufacture: 2003