Used Dr. Fritsch Slm 523 for sale (4,778)

Year of construction: 1997, condition: ready for operation (used), A Dr. Fritsch segment soldering machine for the automatic soldering of segments (typically diamond segments) onto carrier tools is available. An on-site inspection is possible. Lasdox Ecuxspfx Ammec

Condition: excellent (used), SLM Solutions SLM 500 HL Professional system for the additive manufacturing of metal components using selective laser melting. Suitable for industrial applications, prototype construction, toolmaking, aerospace, medical technology, and series production. Technical data Manufacturer: SLM Solutions Type: SLM 500 HL Year of manufacture: 2015 Build volume: 500 x 280 x 365 mm Laser configuration: Quad-fiber laser 4 x 400 W Max. build rate: up to 105 cm³/h Layer thickness: 20 µm to 75 µm Min. feature size: 150 µm Beam focus diameter: 80 - 115 µm Max. scanning speed: 10 m/s Supply voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz, 3/N/PE Control voltage: 24 V DC Rated current: 36 A Heating power: 2.4 kW Protection class: IP50 Compressed air requirement: 50 l/min at 6 bar Special features Patented multi-beam technology Automatic powder management PSX sieving station PRS unpacking station Laser class 1 CE marking available Service / Operating history The system was used exclusively for processing aluminum from the beginning and operated under a nitrogen atmosphere. It operated reliably until decommissioning. During the last maintenance, the oxygen sensors, including the evaluation unit, were updated to the latest version. The system was then professionally decommissioned. Cooling unit Manufacturer: Riedel Type: WKS 101.2M5LE.I Year of manufacture: 2016 Refrigerant: R134a Filling quantity: 3.0 kg Operating pressure HD: 18.7 bar Protection class: IP54 Scope of delivery according to delivery note SLM 500 HL laser melting system, approx. 2680 kg Riedel cooling unit WKS101.2M5LE.I, approx. 200 kg SLM filter system, approx. 150 kg SLM unpacking station PRS 500, approx. 855 kg SLM sieving system PSX 500, approx. 690 kg Logitrans lifter LFSM 1002/1620, year of manufacture 2015, approx. 550 kg 2 x SLM build cylinders, each approx. 205 kg SLM spare parts / piping Ledpfoza Ethsx Ammjac Dimensions / Weight Complete system according to manufacturer's specifications: approx. 5200 x 2800 x 2700 mm Weight according to manufacturer's specifications: approx. 3100 kg in operating condition approx. 2400 kg without powder Condition Used system from industrial application. The system has been dismantled and stored. Optical condition as shown in the pictures. Scope of delivery as shown in the pictures. Inspection and testing on-site are possible by arrangement and are highly recommended. Important note: All information is provided to the best of our knowledge based on available documents, software displays, manufacturer data, delivery note and nameplates. Deviations in technical data are possible. Shipping or freight forwarding is possible. Subject to changes, errors and prior sale. We will be happy to answer any further questions by telephone.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 615 mm, input voltage: 400 V, total length: 700 mm, working width: 700 mm, total width: 2,500 mm, total height: 850 mm, Fritsch Cutting Table Model: FT 250/700 with longitudinal and transverse cutting rollers Protective cover for cutting tool Cutting belt, smooth Simple, robust design Connection: 400V, 16A CEE plug Dimensions: 2500 x 700 x 850 mm (W x D x H) Used equipment Visit our large showroom! Lodpfxozfynpj Ammsac

Condition: excellent (used), Here, we offer you an inspection system for crystalline silicon solar modules. Reliable quality assurance and process control throughout the entire solar module production. The Dr. Schenk SolarInspect series was developed to meet the specific requirements in the production of crystalline silicon solar modules. These ready-to-use vision systems provide reliable quality control for the entire ongoing production process. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of the production process allows for timely corrective measures to be taken in the event of process deviations. In the production of crystalline silicon solar modules, textured glass substrates are used instead of uncoated glass. Textured glass increases the transmission of sunlight. The optical signals in the vision system, triggered by the surface structure typically used for glass substrates in silicon solar modules, are often similar to or even stronger than those of the actual defect being inspected. Dr. Schenk has developed and manufactured SolarInspect, a system that specializes in the precise differentiation between glass structure and defects on the entire material surface, including the edges. Thanks to an innovative optical design, Dr. Schenk's inspection system can clearly detect glass defects and distinguish them from the glass structure. Reliable inspection of: - Uncoated incoming glass - Uncoated textured glass - Coated glass, e.g., AR (anti-reflective) coated - Layer application - Finished modules Detection of: - Sheet glass defects, e.g., bubbles, inclusions, scratches - Dimensions - Edge defects - Layer defects, homogeneity and thickness of AR-coated glass SolarInspect - Exceptional performance features: - Innovative and modular optical design - Low operating costs - Ready-to-use vision systems optimized for specific process step requirements - Customized solution for all types and sizes of solar modules - Repeatable detection and evaluation - User-friendly quality and analysis tools for production control and process analysis - Easy integration into new and existing lines - Industrially proven design Lajdpfx Amszdtgijmoc Type: SolarInspect Condition: used Sale is ex works. Scope of delivery: (See image) (Changes and errors in technical data and specifications are subject to change!) We will gladly answer any further questions you may have by telephone.

Year of construction: 2022, condition: ready for operation (used), Offered is an SLM280 2.0 Single 700W year 2022, approx. 5350h, SLM MCS control, build volume X/Y/Z: 280mm/280mm/365mm minus thickness of substrate plate, 3D optics configuration: Single single/double 400W/700W, Dual 400W/700W IPG fiber laser, build rate: 113cm³/h, layer thickness: 20μm-90μm, feature size: 150μm, beam focus diameter: 80μm-115μm, scan speed max.: 10m/s, inert gas consumption process: 5l/min (argon), inert gas consumption purging: 110l/min (argon). Accessories: chiller package HRS050 L/W, screening station PSM100 V3, handling device BPH280, bottle lift, material change kit. SLM280 2.0 complete incl. PSM100, powder containers, substrate plates (1.2709 & AlSi10Mg), additional filter housings, filter elements. Fully serviced annually by SLM Solutions (service reports available). Availability from 01.12.2025, machine dimensions X/Y/Z: 2600mm/1200mm/2700mm. Inspection possible by arrangement. Lasdpoxy R Ezjfx Ammjc

Condition: good (used), Kistler NC joining module with dual-station/spindle unit Kistler NCFH 60 servo press with feed slide & spindle station The Kistler NCFH 60 NC joining module is integrated into an industrial dual-station/spindle unit designed for automated series production (e.g., friction welding or precision pressing). The system is characterized by exceptional precision, integrated force-displacement monitoring (piezoelectric sensor technology), and an extremely robust design capable of withstanding continuous industrial loads. Precise press-fitting and joining: Ideal for high-precision assembly processes in the automotive industry, electronics manufacturing, or general mechanical engineering. Integrated quality assurance (force-displacement monitoring): Using built-in piezoelectric sensors, the module measures the exact tensile and compressive forces acting during the pressing process in relation to position. Flexible process control: Enables advanced functions such as "joining to block," position-controlled pressing, or force-controlled joining (when combined with a suitable controller, e.g., Kistler maXYmos). Automated workpiece holding: The coupled spindle station features an automated clamping function (pneumatically or hydraulically actuated via integrated cylinders), making it perfect for automated series production and assembly lines. Sturdy machine bed: The entire mechanical assembly is mounted on a heavy-duty welded steel frame to withstand the immense forces (up to 6 tons per side) generated during operation. Joining module manufacturer: Dr. Staiger Mohilo+Co GmbH / Kistler Group Type: 2151B 60304002 Model: NCFH 60 400 300 B H C G Nominal force: 60 kN (equivalent to a pressing force of approx. 6 tonnes) Max. total spindle stroke: 400 mm Max. travel speed: 300 mm/s Motor type: AC hollow-shaft servo motor (165H-180E) Holding brake: 18 Nm Certification: CE marking Lasdpszcpnzjfx Ammsc Scope of delivery: Kistler NCFH 60 joining module including mounted flange coupling, yellow slide/feed guide, complete sensor cabling, and the associated spindle clamping station. "Everything from a single source: We would be happy to offer you suitable bank financing for your project." komplett-konzept.leasingo.de You can find more items—new and used—in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Condition: reconditioned (used), functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 615 mm, total width: 2,800 mm, total length: 1,230 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, DGUV certified until: 07/2027, year of last overhaul: 2026, opening width: 30 mm, working width: 615 mm, space requirement length: 1,230 mm, space requirement width: 2,800 mm, type of input current: three-phase, Fritsch Rollfix 3W 630 Dough Sheeting Machine Lsdpfx Aezbz Hgemmeac for all types of dough, for sheeting and shaping Stainless steel construction Manual control & 3-stage automatic operation Mobile dough sheeting machine with hand and foot controls Pressure plate with adjustment for long rollers/long dough shapers DGUV V3 certified – available only from us Connection: 400V, 16A-CEE plug Dimensions: 2800 x 1230 mm (W x D) Used machine & SAB inspected with warranty

Condition: reconditioned (used), functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 615 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, DGUV certified until: 07/2027, electrical fuse: 16 A, opening width: 30 mm, working width: 615 mm, type of input current: three-phase, Fritsch Rollfix 5/630 Comfort Dough Sheeter For all types of dough, for sheeting and laminating Manual operation Robust design Stainless steel construction Mobile dough sheeter With hand and foot controls Connection: 400V, 16A CEE plug Used machine, refurbished Optional: Maintenance contract Spare parts box Service package Delivery service Training and commissioning Lsdpsyw El Tjfx Ammsac

Condition: used, SLM Solutions Type: SLM 500 Build space (L x W x H): 500 x 280 x 365 mm (minus substrate plate height) 3D optics configuration: Quad (4x 700 W) Build rate: up to 345 cm³/h Variable layer thickness: 20 µm - 90 µm, Min. structure size 150 µm Focus diameter 80 µm - 115 µm Max. scan speed: 10 m/s Average protective gas consumption in the build process: 16 l/min (argon) Average protective gas consumption in the flooding process: 250 l/min (argon) Powder supply with 90 kg Electrical connection / power consumption: 400 volts 3NPE, 63 A, 50/60 Hz, 8-5.5 kW Compressed air requirement / consumption: ISO 8573-1:2010 [1:4:1] 7 bar Machine dimensions (L x W x H): 6080 mm x 2530 mm x 2620 mm Machine weight (without / including powder): kg, kg with powder Lsdpfev Iff Njx Ammeac Was operated with aluminum AlSi10Mg! Laser hours: 1689 h Condition: used Scope of delivery: (See picture) (Changes and errors in the technical data, information is subject to change!) We are happy to answer any further questions you may have over the phone.

Condition: reconditioned (used), functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 635 mm, input voltage: 400 V, table length: 1,200 mm, input current: 16 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, empty load weight: 258 kg, DGUV certified until: 07/2027, electrical fuse: 16 A, year of last overhaul: 2026, opening width: 30 mm, type of input current: three-phase, Fritsch Rollfix 5/630 Comfort dough sheeter for all types of dough, for sheeting and laminating Lsdpfxsyaf Tzo Ammeac manual operation robust design stainless steel construction mobile dough sheeter with hand and foot controls 400V connection, 16A CEE plug used machine, refurbished Visit us!

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 615 mm, total width: 1,550 mm, total length: 1,075 mm, total height: 1,195 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, opening width: 30 mm, working width: 615 mm, space requirement height: 1,195 mm, space requirement length: 1,075 mm, space requirement width: 1,550 mm, type of input current: three-phase, Sheeting machine, combination model Fritsch Rollfix, Model: 3WK600 for all types of dough, for sheeting and lamination Extendable table on the left simple technology Pressure plate with manual adjustment / long roller at the bottom Mobile dough sheeter with manual and foot control Connection: 400V, 16A CEE plug Dimensions: 1550 x 1075 x 1195 mm (W x D x H) Lajdpox N Hfxofx Ammsc Used machine Visit our large bakery machine exhibition!

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 615 mm, total width: 1,750 mm, total length: 1,075 mm, total height: 1,195 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, electrical fuse: 16 A, opening width: 30 mm, working width: 615 mm, space requirement height: 1,195 mm, space requirement length: 1,075 mm, space requirement width: 1,750 mm, Sheeting machine, combination model Lsdpjx N Hf Eefx Ammsac Fritsch Rollfix, Model: 3WK630 for all types of dough, for sheeting and lamination simple technology Pressure plate / long roller at the bottom Mobile dough sheeter with manual and foot operation Connection: 400V, 16A-CEE plug Dimensions: 1750 x 1075 x 1195 mm, WxDxH Used machine Visit our large bakery machine warehouse!

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 615 mm, total width: 2,800 mm, total length: 1,205 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, DGUV certified until: 07/2027, electrical fuse: 16 A, year of last overhaul: 2026, opening width: 30 mm, working width: 615 mm, space requirement length: 1,205 mm, space requirement width: 2,800 mm, type of input current: three-phase, Fritsch Rollfix 3W 600 Dough Sheeting Machine for all types of dough, for sheeting and rolling Manual control Mobile dough sheeter with hand and foot controls Lsdpoy U Tu Dsfx Ammoac Machine is mobile Connection: 400V, 16A-CEE plug Dimensions: approx. 2800 x 1205 mm (W x D) Used machine

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 520 mm, total width: 1,550 mm, total length: 1,000 mm, total height: 1,195 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, DGUV certified until: 06/2027, electrical fuse: 16 A, opening width: 30 mm, working width: 520 mm, type of input current: three-phase, Fritsch Rollfix 3WK 520 dough sheeter for all types of dough for sheeting and laminating Pull-out table on the left Pressure plate with manual adjustment Long roller at the bottom Mobile dough sheeter with manual and foot control Connection: 400V, 16A-CEE plug Lasdpfx Aoytltzsmmec Dimensions: 1550 x 1005 x 1195 mm (W x D x H) Used machine from a bakery Visit our large bakery equipment warehouse!

Condition: good (used), Fritsch Rollfix Pastry brake Laodpfev Rgpbjx Ammjc Pastry brake, total length 3000mm, belt with 600mm, roller width 630mm, with safety cage, mobile, 1Ph

Condition: used, measuring range: 64-80°Fswimming pieces: 5 Stückmaterials: glas, alcohol, stainless steel60.000pcs available Lajdpodc A Rzofx Ammjc

Condition: new, For sale: EMG-DREHMO DR 39 B-40 electric valve actuator. The device comes from warehouse stock – condition: new, unused. Actuator designed for automatic valve control in industrial installations (water, gas, process technology, power engineering). Technical data • Manufacturer: EMG-DREHMO • Model: DR 39 B-40 • Year of manufacture: 2005 • Torque: 40 Nm • Power supply: 380–420 V / 50 Hz • Motor power: 0.40 kW • Speed: approx. 30–40 rpm • Protection class: IP67 Condition Device is brand new – warehouse condition. Visible transport marks: Ledpeyutpgjfx Ammjac slightly bent handwheel, small crack in housing by the gearbox (visible in photos). Not tested under voltage – sold as warehouse device / to be checked before installation. Scope of delivery • EMG-DREHMO valve actuator • Handwheel for manual operation Visual condition as per photos.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2006, 389 USED croissant maker, lengthener, baguette maker. Lodpsy Uvxfefx Ammjac EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (in cm): - height: 135, - width: 295, - length: 125, - left wing: 135/65, - right wing: 141/65. The device is available to verify in our warehouse (36-068 Bachórz, Poland). Paid options available: renovation / transport / assembly / commissioning of the device. The price is a net price. Our languages: ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN, UKRAINIAN. ..... bakery oven, bakery ovens, bakery machine, bakery machines, bakery equipment, bakery equipments, bakery device, bakery devices

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 28.22.0079, Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 6,700 h, overall weight: 1,870 kg, laser power: 700 W, operating pressure: 8 bar, inner dimension height: 365 mm, inner dimension length: 280 mm, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! The system has been serviced annually by SLM Solutions. Service reports and machine assessment are available upon request. The system includes the “SLM280 2.0 complete material change kit incl. PSM100” and a second set of filter housings, minimizing the effort required to switch between two materials. Lsdpsy Rn A Iofx Ammjac TECHNICAL DETAILS Laser power: up to 700 W Materials: suitable for all common materials in the SLM process Temperature range: 20–25 °C Relative humidity: max. 60 % Floor unevenness: max. 5 mm/m² Floor load capacity: min. 2,200 kN/m² Floor surface: antistatic, solvent-resistant, impermeable to liquids, smooth Processing area and process data Build volume (L x W x H): 280 x 280 x 365 mm Actual build rate: up to 113 cm³/h Variable layer thickness: 20–90 µm Minimum feature size: 150 µm Beam focus diameter: 80–115 µm Scanning speed: max. 10 m/s Laser type: IPG fiber laser Single laser 700 watts Media supply Operating pressure argon: 7–8 bar Operating pressure nitrogen: 7–8 bar Operating pressure compressed air: 7–8 bar Operating pressure cooling water: 4 bar Compressed air quality: ISO 8573-1:2010 [1:4:1] Volume flow rate primary circuit: 1.4 m³/h Cooling water inlet temperature min.: 18 °C Cooling water inlet temperature max.: 20 °C Cooling medium: Coolflux MACHINE DETAILS Control system: SLM MCS Electrical connection values Connection: CEE 3/N/PE Voltage: 400 ±10 % V Frequency: 50/60 Hz Current draw: max. 40 A Connected load: 3.5–5.5 kW Heating power: 1,200 W Cooling power: 4.6 / 5.8 kW Largest motor: 7.5 kW Dimensions & weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 2,600 x 1,200 x 2,700 mm Shipping weight: 1,870 kg Operating hours: approx. 6,700 h EQUIPMENT Cooling is provided by “Cooling unit HRS050 L/W” Sieving station PSM100 V3 Handling device BPH280 and bottle lift (facilitates handling of powder containers and removal of substrate plates after printing) SLM280 2.0 complete material change kit incl. PSM100 Powder containers Substrate plates (1.2709 & AlSi10Mg) Additional filter housings Filter elements The system is currently still in operation and can be inspected by appointment. After the auction, the system will be disassembled by the machine manufacturer, loaded onto the company premises, and handed over to the buyer.

Year of construction: 2010, condition: repair required (used), functionality: limited functionality, controller model: MTT AutoFab, inner dimension height: 250 mm, laser power: 400 W, machine/vehicle number: SLM2501004, laser type: fiber laser, Equipment: dust extraction, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Note: The machine is in visually clean condition. It is also technically complete and the laser has been replaced by the manufacturer. However, the printer has limited functionality with regard to focus quality at the edge areas, which is presumably due to the optics and therefore requires adjustment or repair. TECHNICAL DETAILS Process: Selective Laser Melting (metal 3D printing) Laser: IPG fiber laser (replaced by manufacturer) Laser power: 200 W Total power: 400 W Maximum power: 900 W Adjustable output power: 10 - 105 % Long-term output stability: ± 3 % Beam quality: < 1.1 M² Wavelength: 1,075 ± 5 nm Spectral linewidth FWHM: < 3 nm Maximum modulation frequency: 50 kHz Build height: 250 mm Shielding gas operation: Argon/inert gas Cooling: water-cooled Cooling temperature: < 30 °C MACHINE DETAILS Lasdpey H Hxysfx Ammoc Laser type: YLR-200-WC Electrical voltage: 85 / 240 V AC Current: 15 A Laser hours: 0.1 h Pump runtime: 2,644 h Power-on hours: 5,017 h Heating power: 1,000 W Nominal temperature: 18 - 30 °C Air pressure: 6 bar Ambient temperature: 0 - 45 °C Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (W x D x H): 3U 19" rack Machine weight: 60 kg EQUIPMENT • Powder System PSH 100 • Extraction and filtration system • Chiller unit • 5x powder bottles (5 L) • 6x substrate plates • 10x filter elements (H13) • 26x wiper lips • Spare sieves • Protective suits • Cleaning wipes for optics (F-theta) • Various small parts & spare components

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1991, functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 615 mm, total width: 1,500 mm, total length: 1,075 mm, total height: 1,195 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, opening width: 30 mm, working width: 615 mm, type of input current: three-phase, We offer this used Fritsch Rollfix type 3WK / 630 dough sheeter, year of manufacture 1991. - Combination dough sheeting machine - Suitable for rolling and laminating all types of dough - Extendable table on the left - Pressure plate adjustment by hand - Long roller / long moulder underneath - Operated by hand and foot control - Connection: 400V, 16A plug - Dimensions (W x D x H): 1550x1075x1195 mm Used machine This is a private sale. The sale is made under exclusion of any warranty or liability for material defects. Lajdpfx Ajydlnasmmjc If you have any questions or need further information, please send us a message or call us.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1998, Fritsch Cutting Table, Confectionery Line - Model FT 450-L - Year of manufacture: 1998 - Length: 4.5 m - Electronic control - 2 cutting rollers - Calibrator/option - Technical condition: very good - Collection from warehouse/shipping option - Price on request Laodpfxsyucy Is Ammjc

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2000, Fritsch Rollfix automatic dough sheeter - used - year of manufacture: approx. 2000 - working width: 600 mm - electronic control with programmable settings - automatic flour duster - automatic dough rolling onto the roller - stainless steel housing Laodpfx Asy Hi Scommec - machine is technically functional/cleaned - pickup from warehouse/shipping option available - price on request

Year of construction: 2011, condition: ready for operation (used), A dough sheeting machine Fritsch for folded dough sheets for subsequent processing is available. Belt width: 700mm, working width: 650mm, roller gap range: 0.3mm-50mm, roller diameter: 98mm, max. dough block weight: approx. 20kg, belt speed: 50m/min, machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 3300mm/1250mm/1550mm, weight: approx. 500kg. An on-site inspection is possible. Lajdpfx Aey D Tpgsmmoc

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Twin-Screw Extruder / Twin-Screw Kneader COLLIN ZK 25 For sale is a COLLIN ZK 25 twin-screw extruder in a compact laboratory or technical center design. The machine is ideal for trials, compounding, product development, as well as smaller-scale production applications. The extruder features a screw diameter of 2 x 25 mm with a process length of 36 D (6x6 D). Depending on the configuration, screw speeds of 460 / 600 / 800 min⁻¹ are possible. The drive power is 9.7 / 12.5 / 16 kW. The maximum melt pressure is 320 bar, and the maximum melt temperature is 400 °C. The machine is equipped with multiple heating zones. Barrel heating is 1 x 850 W plus 5 x 1200 W, and nozzle/adapter heating is 600 W. Water cooling is available, and temperature control is provided for zones 1 to 6, with water cooling connected via hose. Technical Data: • Manufacturer: COLLIN • Model: ZK 25 • Design: Twin-screw extruder / Twin-screw kneader • Screw diameter: 2 x 25 mm Lasdpfjy A H Umsx Ammsc • Screw length: 36 D • Screw speed: 460 / 600 / 800 min⁻¹ • Max. melt pressure: 320 bar • Max. melt temperature: 400 °C • Weight: approx. 550 kg • Dimensions: • Length: approx. 2,100 mm • Width: approx. 600 mm • Height: approx. 1,900 mm • Screw center height: approx. 1,100 mm Electrical Data: • Connection: 3 x 400/230 V, 50/60 Hz • Power supply: L1 / L2 / L3 / N / PE • Fusing: 3 x 50 A • Max. connected load with downstream units: 30 kW Applications: Ideal for laboratory usage, technical centers, R&D, test series, compounding, and material testing.