Used Holzkraft Edge Sanding Machine - Available Immediately for sale (84,658)

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, Holzkraft Edge Sanding Machine Model: KSO 200 F with veneer sanding equipment Sanding unit tiltable up to 45° via lever The machine frame is made of welded steel, ensuring high torsional rigidity and vibration-free operation. Oscillating sanding belt with separate geared motor for improved sanding results Oscillation can be activated as needed Sanding shoe with graphite coating for extended belt life Height-adjustable sanding table to utilize the entire sanding belt width Height-adjustable auxiliary table with extraction for sanding radii Spring-loaded belt tension automatically compensates for belt length variations Double extraction system Extendable roller table extension With rubber-coated sanding drum Veneer edge sanding device with fine-adjustable contact shoe, pressure rollers, and stop rulers Infeed ruler with groove for overlapping veneer Quick changeover from veneer edge to solid wood sanding possible Dimensions and Weights Length approx. 1900 mm Width/depth approx. 900 mm Height approx. 1350 mm Weight approx. 290 kg Dust Extraction Connection Suction nozzle diameter 140 / 100 mm Drive Power Oscillation motor 0.25 kW Working Tables Working table length 960 mm Working table width 350 mm Working table height adjustment 230 mm Height min. 735 mm Height max. 965 mm Longitudinal table height adjustment 230 mm Cross table length 330 mm Cross table width 330 mm Cross table height min. 720 mm Cross table height max. 900 mm Cross table height adjustment 180 mm Electrical Data Ndsdpfx Aaey Iu N Ao Rea Main drive motor power 3.0 kW Connection voltage 400 V Sanding Unit Abrasive belt length 3000 mm Abrasive belt width 200 mm Belt speed(s) 20 m/s Sanding surface length 1050 mm Sanding surface width 200 mm Oscillation stroke 20 mm Location: Ex stock 54634 Bitburg — Immediately available —

Condition: new, Edge sanding machine HOLZKRAFT KSO 200 F Nodpfx Aju R S Erja Rjda - Exhibition machine - Relief rollers on the fence rulers, with swiveling sanding unit, and oscillating sanding belt, Veneer sanding device, Oscillation with separate motor, height-adjustable sanding table, extendable roller table extension, rubberized sanding drum ----- Technical data ----- Sanding belt dimensions: 3,000 x 200 mm, Work table dimensions: 960 x 350 mm, Work table height adjustment: 230 mm, Sanding surface: 1,050 x 300 mm, Belt speed: 20 m/sec, Oscillation stroke: 20 mm, Suction nozzle Ø: 140 mm, Motor 400 V: 4.0 HP / 3.0 kW, Dimensions (LxWxH): 1,900 x 900 x 1,350 mm, Weight: 290 kg - new exhibition machine -

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, Holzkraft Edge Sander Type: KSO 200 F with Veneer Sanding Attachment Sanding unit can be swiveled up to 45° via a lever The machine stand made of welded steel guarantees high torsional rigidity and vibration-free operation. Oscillating sanding belt with separate geared motor for better sanding results Oscillation can be switched on/off as required Sanding pad with graphite coating for a longer service life of the sanding belt Height-adjustable sanding table to utilize the entire width of the sanding belt Height-adjustable auxiliary table with dust extraction for sanding radii The spring-loaded belt tension automatically compensates for belt length differences. With double dust extraction Extendable roller table extension With rubber-coated sanding roller Veneer edge sanding attachment with contact shoe with fine adjustment, relief rollers and guide rails With grooved infeed guide for veneer overhangs Quick changeover from veneer edge sanding to solid wood sanding is possible Dimensions and Weights Length approx. 1900 mm Width/Depth approx. 900 mm Height approx. 1350 mm Weight approx. 290 kg Connection for dust extraction Dust extraction nozzle diameter 140 / 100 mm Drive power Oscillation motor 0.25 kW Nsdpfjlht H Nox Aa Rjda Work table(s) Work table length 960 mm Work table width 350 mm Work table height adjustment 230 mm Height min. 735 mm Height max. 965 mm Longitudinal table height adjustment 230 mm Cross table length 330 mm Cross table width 330 mm Cross table height min. 720 mm Cross table height max. 900 mm Cross table height adjustment 180 mm Electrical Data Power of drive motor 3.0 kW Connection voltage 400 V Sanding unit Sanding belt length 3000 mm Sanding belt width 200 mm Belt running speed(s) 20 m/s Sanding area length 1050 mm Sanding area width 200 mm Oscillation stroke 20 mm Location: In stock at 54634 Bitburg - available immediately -

Condition: new, -Continuously adjustable sanding unit (0 - 90°) for vertical and horizontal sanding -Oscillating sanding belt for better sanding results and a longer service life of the sanding belt -Quick and easy sanding belt change via quick-clamping system -Grinding sole with graphite coating as standard for a longer service life of the sanding belt -Work table made of gray cast iron adjustable via handwheel with T-slot -Including side sanding sleeve device for sanding curves and radii -Two suction nozzles Ø 100 mm -1x sanding belt 2750x 150mm grain 80 -1x sanding sleeve Ø38mm grain 80 Nsdevxkv Ujpfx Aa Rjda -1x sanding sleeve Ø50mm grain 80 -1x sanding sleeve Ø75mm grain 80 Dimensions and weights: - Length (product) approx.: 1515 mm - Width/depth (product) approx.: 550 mm - Height (product) approx.: 1150 mm - Weight (net) approx.: 207 kg Extraction connection: - Extraction nozzle diameter: 100 mm Work table(s): - Work table length: 900 mm - Work table width: 305 mm - Work table height adjustment: 120 mm Electrical data: - Connection voltage: 400 V - Mains frequency: 50 Hz Grinding unit: - Sanding belt length: 2750 mm - Sanding belt width: 150 mm - Belt rotation speed(s): 16 m/s - Oscillation stroke: 15 mm - Sanding surface length: 1010 mm - Sanding surface width: 190 mm - Sanding height max.: 170 mm - Sanding unit swivel: 0 – 90 ° Workpiece: - Workpiece width max.: 1010 mm - Workpiece height max.: 150 mm - new exhibition machine -

Condition: new, Minimax ME 35 TR S Holzkraft Edge Banding Machine -Exhibition Machine- This offer is an equipment package. The following items and options are already included in the price: - New exhibition machine - Njdpfov Nhhpex Aa Roda

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1993, Enorm edge sanding machine (now Kündig) In very good condition. Type: LBK 160 Year of manufacture: 1993 With veneer edge sanding attachment Oscillation can be switched on. Electric height adjustment of the sanding unit Table can be tilted up to 45 degrees Sanding belt width 150 mm Sanding belt length 2600 mm 3 kW motor 2 additional motors for height adjustment and oscillation With feed system Weight approx. 400 kg Location: in stock at 54634 Bitburg Nodpfozbyt Ejx Aa Rsda - immediately available -

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2022, Exhibition machine Year of manufacture: 12/2022 Features and technical data: DESCRIPTION • Grinding unit tiltable by hand crank • The machine frame made of welded steel ensures high torsional rigidity and vibration-free operation • Oscillating sanding belt with a separate geared motor for improved sanding results • Oscillation can be switched on or off as needed • Sanding platen with graphite coating for longer belt life • Height-adjustable sanding table to utilize the entire belt width • Auxiliary table for sanding radii with integrated extraction ports • Sleeve sanding device with attachable work table • Spring-loaded belt tension automatically compensates for belt length differences • Equipped with adjustable stops, ideal for veneer sanding • Veneer overhang can be sanded off effortlessly TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions and weights Product length approx. 1700 mm Product width/depth approx. 1000 mm Product height approx. 1150 mm Net weight approx. 300 kg Drive power Oscillation motor power: 0.11 kW Extraction connection Extraction port diameter: 2 x 100 mm Ndodpfxjw I Uvzj Aa Rea Work tables Table length: 950 mm Table width: 450 mm Table height adjustment: 110 mm Electrical data Connection voltage: 400 V Mains frequency: 50 Hz Grinding unit Sanding belt length: 2640 mm Sanding belt width: 150 mm Belt speed: 14 m/s Oscillation stroke: 15 mm Sanding area length: 800 mm Sanding area width: 150 mm Tilt range of grinding unit: 0–45° SCOPE OF DELIVERY • 1x sanding belt K100 • 5x rubber rollers Ø25, Ø30, Ø40, Ø45, Ø50 mm • 6x sanding sleeves K80 – Ø25, Ø30, Ø35, Ø40, Ø45, Ø50 mm • Standard tool kit • Mitre gauge Location: Hochheim Availability: Immediately

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Holzkraft Edge Sander: KSO 150 F PRO With oscillating sanding belt for the best sanding results Item number: 5390020 Brand: Holzkraft Sanding unit can be pivoted using a hand crank The welded steel machine stand guarantees high torsional rigidity and vibration-free operation Oscillating sanding belt with separate gear motor for better sanding results Oscillation can be optionally activated Granite-coated sanding sole for a longer sanding belt service life Height-adjustable sanding table for utilizing the entire sanding belt width Additional table with extraction openings for sanding radii on the rubberized guide roller Sanding sleeve device with attachable work table The spring-loaded belt tension automatically compensates for belt length differences With adjustable stops, ideal for veneer sanding The grooved veneer stop allows the veneer overhang to be adjusted TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions and Weights Length (product) approx. 1700mm Width/Depth (product) approx. 1000mm Nedpfx Aov Sk Nnea Roda Height (product) approx. 1150mm Net weight approx. 300kg Extraction connection Number of extraction nozzles: 2 Extraction nozzle diameter: 100mm Worktable(s) Worktable length: 950mm Worktable width: 450mm Worktable height adjustment: 110mm Electrical data Connection voltage: 400V Mains frequency: 50Hz Oscillation motor power: 0.11kW Sanding unit Sanding belt length: 2640mm Sanding belt width: 150mm Belt rotation speed(s): 14m/s Oscillation stroke: 15mm Sanding surface length: 800mm Sanding surface width: 150mm Sanding unit pivoting 0 – 45° SCOPE OF DELIVERY 1x Sanding Belt K100 5x Rubber Rollers Ø25, Ø30, Ø40, Ø45, Ø50 mm 6x Sanding Sleeves K80 - Ø25, Ø30, Ø35, Ø40, Ø45, Ø50 mm On-Board Tool Kit Miter Gauge

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2026, 5222454 LIBRA 45/2 RTC 135 Wide Belt Sander 5257433 "Z" Designation for RTC 135 5257452 Vacuum table with electric fan 3 kW 5257453 Oscillating belt air-blast device for 5257454 Oscillating belt air-blast device for 5257462 Reinforced motor 15 kW (20 HP) 5257485 Roller table at infeed and outfeed for 5257499 Grooved rubber pressure roller, 2nd position 5257500 Grooved rubber pressure roller, 3rd position 5257504 Infinitely variable conveyor feed with inverter 5257605 Door with inspection window 5257606 LED lamp for internal illumination TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions and Weights Length (product) approx. 1800 mm Width/depth (product) approx. 2000 mm Height (product) approx. 2070 mm Extraction Connection Number of extraction ports: 2 Extraction port diameter: 200 mm Electrical Data Feed motor power: 0.8 kW Connection voltage: 400 V Mains frequency: 50 Hz Height adjustment motor power: 0.25 kW Output power (motor power): 11 kW Sanding Unit Sanding belt length: 2150 mm Njdpfsy Ehiwjx Aa Rsda Sanding belt width: 1370 mm Max. sanding width: 1350 mm Feed Unit Feed speed: 4.5 / 9 m/min Workpiece Min. workpiece height: 4 mm Max. workpiece height: 170 mm Product Information EU 2023/2854 Type of generated data: usage data Format of generated data: common, machine-readable formats, e.g., JSON Data volume: up to 5 MB Continuous real-time data generation: yes Data storage location: on the device and a remote server Data access: on the device and via physical and wireless interfaces Location: ex stock 54634 Bitburg - immediately available -

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Kündig edge sanding machine Uniq-S Edition 30 Top condition - available immediately - - Complete sanding unit can be tilted up to 45 degrees by motor without any table adjustment - Feed system integrated in the machine carrier, transport belt 50 mm wide at the bottom, pressure rollers 60 mm diameter at the top, motor 0.55 KW, speed infinitely variable 3 - 15 m/min Nsdpfx Ajvk R Aroa Rjda - Can be operated from both sides with flat and contact sanding side - Sanding belt size 200 x 2000 mm - Belt drive motor 3 KW, 380 V, 50 Hz - Oscillation stroke programmable 10 - 90 mm - CE compliant/dust tested Standard version Kündig Uniq - S Accessories: - Q4 auxiliary table belt drive roller - Q6 semi-circular table belt drive roller - Z04 table extension Location: from stock 54634 Bitburg - immediately available -

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, functionality: fully functional, grinding height: 100 mm, grinding length: 3,250 mm, We are offering this used Löffler KSL-100 MG edge sanding machine, year of manufacture 1995. Manufacturer: Löffler Maschinenbau GmbH Langenaltheim / Bavaria Ndedoythu Ispfx Aa Rsa Model: KSL-100 MG Serial number: 95.005/6/95 Year of manufacture: 1995 If you have any questions or require further information, please feel free to send us a message or give us a call.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Spindle Moulder SCM / CASADEI F 25 M LL FK Robust professional woodworking machine with spindle tiltable ±45° to both sides and MK4 interchangeable spindle Article number: 5220730 Brand: Holzkraft CASADEI - Heavy-duty steel/cast iron construction - Dynamically balanced cutter unit anchored to the work table - Especially robust design - Smooth running thanks to precision units and high dead weight - Standard with forward/reverse operation and electronic lockout during rotation reversal - Five speeds from 3000 to 10000 rpm - Convenient speed change from machine side - Standard MK 4 interchangeable spindle system - Large precision-ground cast iron work table for lasting accuracy - User-friendly controls and speed display on the front of the machine - Large-format spindle fence with fine adjustment and aluminum fence jaws standard - Fence adjustment via crank handle - Numeric display of set spindle height accurate to tenths - Powerful industrial motors TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions and Weights Net weight approx.: 510 kg Dust Extraction Number of outlets: 2 Outlet diameter: 80 mm Number of fence outlets: 1 Fence outlet diameter: 120 mm Work Table Table length: 2500 mm Table width: 810 mm Table height: 923 mm Placement Information Space requirement explanation: Dimensions include max. travel distances or working lengths Working area length: 3700 mm Working area width/depth: 5000 mm Working area explanation: Please add the specified dimensions to the space requirement to get the recommended free footprint for the machine Electrical Data Connection voltage: 400 V Network frequency: 50 Hz Drive motor power: 7.0 kW Spindle Spindle tilt: -45° to +45° Usable spindle length: 140 / 180 mm (for spindle Ø 30 – 35 / for spindle Ø 40 – 50 mm) Spindle stroke: 90 mm Interchangeable spindle: MK 4 Spindle speeds: 3000/4500/6000/8000/10000 rpm Maximum Tool Diameter Max. retractable tool diameter: 320 x 60 mm Njdpfx Asy Ehcdsa Rsda Max. profiling diameter: 250 mm Max. tenoning diameter: 350 mm Max. moulding diameter: 160 mm EQUIPMENT - Spindle fence: Heavy-duty professional version with aluminum jaws and fine-adjustment, adjusted from the front via crank handle with numerical digital display - Curved workpiece safety hood: ✔ - Spindle height adjustment: motorized, with digital readout - Spindle tilt adjustment: motorized, with digital readout - Control: motorized height and tilt adjustments with digital display - Control panel position: on machine body - Work table: extension left and right, and extendable workpiece support (total width 2500 mm) Location: ex-stock 54634 Bitburg - immediately available -

Condition: good (used), Code: 0449 Brand: DE STEFANI Ndedpozmyp Ajfx Aa Rja Model: MV 1 Automatic single-head edge sander for wooden edges and profiles, solid wood, veneered and various Sander for profiles and rebates with interchangeable pad, tiltable -15° to +90° 2-speed motor rpm 710/1420 – Hp 1,3 – 2,5 Working height mm 100 Automatic feed with variable speed Adjustable inlet guide Compressed air 6 atm Exhaust outlet diameter 100 mm Overall dimensions mm 2100 x 1600 x 1350 h Weight kg 950

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 8481-05-K951, Edge finishing with fine grinding We used this machine to process stair treads. 6 processing units: Ndedpfezv Eaxjx Aa Rja 1 x coarse grinding of the surface 2 x fine grinding of the surface 3 x profile milling on the top 4 x profile milling on the bottom 5 x profile grinding on the top 6 x profile grinding on the bottom Automatic feed – speed can be adjusted continuously Material thickness sensor The machine is equipped for processing stair treads with an edge rounding of r=8mm on the top and bottom (individually controllable). After cutting the treads to size on the circular saw or CNC machine, we completed the processing of the treads in a single pass from the top and bottom. The machine can also be adapted for other profiles, radii, or milling operations.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1994, Oscillation ja ja / nein ja ja/nein ja ja/nein tiltable up to 30 Grad Ndedpfx Aszfqkzoa Rea Motor output 2,8 kW Table dimensions 850 x 300 mm sanding width 150 mm Weight 330 kg

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: VO995, total length: 1,700 mm, total width: 1,000 mm, total height: 1,150 mm, table length: 880 mm, table width: 370 mm, overall weight: 260 kg, power: 2.2 kW (2.99 HP), grinding width: 150 mm, grinding length: 2,580 mm, Machine type: LVO 120, Machine number: VO995, Year of manufacture: 2009, Main motor: 2.2 kW, Oscillating motor: 0.11 kW Njdpey Nznujfx Aa Rsda

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 02/96088A, total length: 7,500 mm, total width: 2,000 mm, total height: 2,000 mm, overall weight: 7,500 kg, Edge grinding machine with 10 programmable profiles, including rounded edges Pre-cutter 10 end faces 4 chamfers 2 water jets Ndsdpfezpy Drjx Aa Rea Calibration support Belt feed direction from left to right

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, working width: 6,400 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 2 mm, warranty duration: 12 months, working length: 6,400 mm, Immediately available Thalmann TZ 200 / 6.4 m TZ Series Single Folding Machine Working length: 6400 mm 6 machine frames Sheet thickness: 2.00 mm at 400 N/mm² Equipment: Nodpfxjwlq Naj Aa Roda VFD (vertical force drive) Continuous control shafts Manual crowning (optionally dynamic) 3D graphic control Back gauge 1250 mm Folding rails 10/10 and 17 mm Motorized back gauge, 1250 mm range with 6 fingers Electric longitudinal cutter Automatic crowning and radius adjustment Curved folding beam Hardened tools in clamping and folding beams - Hardox LED bending illumination M-Guard for remote diagnostics directly from the factory

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, We are offering this used HEESEMANN UKP 20 edge sanding machine, year of manufacture 2017. Manufacturer: HEESEMANN Model: UKP 20 Year: 2017 Condition: used If you have any further questions or require more information, please do not hesitate to send us a message or give us a call. If needed, the order confirmation with all technical details can be sent. 1 workpiece transport system – total length 5,015 mm – driven by a 1.5 kW three-phase motor, with double chain for workpiece transport Feed speed adjustable from 5 to 25 m/min, frequency-controlled, working height constant at 880 mm, including integrated control cabinets; Including adjustable stop ruler with digital readout and including counter fence with central width adjustment with central height-adjustable and laterally adjustable top pressure bar with digital display, which presses plate-shaped workpieces with ball-bearing rubber rollers (roller pitch 38 mm), including support rollers to extend the support for large workpieces, extendable sideways by approx. 1,500 mm. 4 side guide rollers between the sanding units for secure transport of strips 1 Industrial PC 3.0/4" LCD-TFT color display, 800 x 600 pixel resolution CF card 1GB Operating system: Windows Embedded Standard Touch-screen version with display for production and downtime periods. Ethernet connection available. 2 belt sanding units "M 4" – positions 1 and 2 for sanding straight edges, with intermittent belt blow-off device, belt break detector, tool holder with quick-change device, base plate for sanding tool, prepared for electronic path control for automatic engagement and disengagement of the sanding tool, operating in both climb and counter rotation. Belt dimensions: 2,300 x 80 mm Belt speed: 0/7–12 m/s Motor rating: 3.0 kW with electronic frequency control for stepless adjustment of the belt speed. Electronic sanding pressure control from the terminal. Ndedpfx Asy A D Ecsa Rea 2 oscillation devices (positions 1 + 2) For optimal belt utilization 2 belt sanding units "K 4" – positions 3 and 4 incl. stand, for sanding small profile sections, also suitable for edge rounding; can be swiveled 90° upwards and 45° downwards, belt break detector, tool holder with quick-change device, base plate for sanding tool, intermittent belt blow-off device, prepared for electronic path control for automatic engagement and disengagement of the pressure tool, including climb and counter rotation, designed for manual adjustment and digital indicators for the adjustment axes. Belt dimensions: 2,000 x 50 mm Belt speed: 0.5–8 m/s Motor rating: 1.1 kW with electronic frequency control for stepless adjustment of the belt speed. Electronic sanding pressure control from the terminal. 4 electronic path controls for fully automatic, timed engagement and disengagement of the sanding tool depending on the set feed speed, sanding pressure, and angle position of the units. 2 steel tools for straight edges, equipped for air cushion sanding, incl. base plate, for 1 "M4" unit, item no. 9000191310 2 steel profile tools equipped for air cushion sanding, incl. base plate, for 1 "K4" unit, item no. 20000025684

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 4,000 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 08614, total length: 6,900 mm, total width: 2,200 mm, total height: 2,300 mm, table length: 3,500 mm, overall weight: 5,500 kg, power: 6 kW (8.16 HP), Used edge grinding machine, Speedy System D8, with 8-position automatic tool changer, manual rotary table, and 4 rows of pneumatically adjustable universal rollers. Nsdjzm Ec Uepfx Aa Rjda

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, Used machine Year of manufacture 2002 Edge sander with electromechanical oscillation with a 15 mm pendulum stroke of the motorized disc Swivel of the sanding unit by 90° using a hand crank Nsdpfxew I U Ahe Aa Reda (continuous angle adjustment; read off the scale) Additional table with extraction system for using sanding rolls Height-adjustable table for utilizing the sanding belt Motor 2.2 kW Oscillation motor 0.11 kW Table size 880 x 370 mm Belt dimensions 150 x 2580 mm Dimensions 1700 x 1000 x 1150 mm Weight 250 kg Availability: Short-term Storage location: Flörsheim

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1993, machine/vehicle number: RG III 51-2464, Offer 25489 Technical data: - Brush diameter: approx. 250 mm - Brush width: 60 mm - Disc speed: 1500 / 3000 rpm - Drive: 400 V / 2.4 / 3.7 kW - Brush depth adjustment - 2 adjustable support blocks Njdpfx Aajzrv D To Rjda - Working height: 900 mm - Space required: approx. W 900 x H 1150 x D 500 mm - Weight: approx. 150 kg

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number: 8075 TECHNICAL DATA - Table length: 2200mm - Table width: 700mm - Main motor: 2.2kW - Manual beam lifting - Abrasive belt width: 160mm - Grinding head Nedpjzuk Hujfx Aa Reda - Dust extraction nozzle diameter: 120mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 3060x1240x1430mm - Weight: 250kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Austria – Unpainted – Used sander, very good condition Net price: 6500 PLN Net price: 1548 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.20 EUR (Prices may vary due to exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: used, Technical data: - Conveyor belt width: 150 mm - Motor: 3 kW - Weight: 490 kg Ndsdpfxezryw Rj Aa Rja

Condition: excellent (used), maximum belt width 240 mm mechanical oscillation cast iron housing dimensions of the side table: 800x450 mm two motors, 4.5 kW each Nsdpjzmwddjfx Aa Rjda manual adjustment of the unit spacing