Used Kasto Hacksaw for sale (183)
Sort results
- Lowest price Highest price
- Newest listings Oldest listings
- Shortest distance Farthest distance
- Newest year of manufacture Oldest year of manufacture
- Latest update Oldest update
- Manufacturer A to Z Manufacturer Z to A
- Relevance
- Lowest price
- Price
- Highest price
- Price
- Newest listings
- Release date
- Oldest listings
- Release date
- Shortest distance
- Distance
- Farthest distance
- Distance
- Newest year of manufacture
- Year of construction
- Oldest year of manufacture
- Year of construction
- Latest update
- Update
- Oldest update
- Update
- Manufacturer A to Z
- Manufacturer
- Manufacturer Z to A
- Manufacturer
- designation from A to Z
- Description
- designation from Z to A
- Description
- Model from A to Z
- Model
- Model from Z to A
- Model
- Lowest reference
- Ref.No.
- Highest reference
- Ref.No.
- Shortest runtime
- Runtime
- Longest duration
- Runtime
- Relevance
- Relevance
Listing
Hessisch Lichtenau
7,826 km
Hydraulic hacksaw up to Ø 320 mm, hydraulic hacksaw machine similar to KASTO or BEHRINGER
BRZINA REZANJABS 320
Call
Condition: used, Hydraulic band saw (Made in Croatia), type BS 320
Year of manufacture approx. 1980
Cutting range, round: Ø 320 mm
Cutting range, square: 280 x 280 mm
Saw blade: 550 x 45 x 2.25 mm
Material feed height: 680 mm
Saw speed: 42 - 55 - 85 - 110 strokes/min
Motor power: 1.8 and 2.4 kW, pole-changing
Power supply: 400 Volt, Hz
Godpfx Ajlqadhsbfjka
- Miter adjustment up to 45°
- Saw motor with 2 speeds and 2 V-belt stages
- Hydraulic saw arm lowering
- Hydraulic cutting pressure adjustment via throttle valve
- Coolant system in the machine base
Space requirement, band saw L x W x H: 1900 x 1350 x 1500 mm
Width without stop: 800 mm
Weight: approx. 750 kg
Good condition
Listing
Malsch
7,893 km
Bandsaw - Horizontal
KASTOHBA 420 AU
Call
Condition: not inspected (used), Year of construction: 1985, range L-W-H 400x300x200 mm
saw diameter 420 mm
weight of the machine ca. 3500 kg
Producer: KASTO
Type: HBA 420U
Year of manufacture: 1985
Dimensions (width x height x depth): approx. 400x200x300 cm
At7Zcq
Fully automatic NC horizontal bandsaw
1 chip conveyor, 1 external chip conveyor, 1 person. driven roller conveyor
Gkjdpfx Absvf N Susfoa
approx. 450 cm.
Listing
Germany
7,870 km
Automatic Bandsaw
KastoKASTOtec A/AC/AM5
Call
Year of construction: 2004, condition: ready for operation (used), A fully automatic Kasto band saw system is available. Cutting range at 90°: round material: 530mm, square material: 530mm/530mm, flat material: 530mm/640mm, saw blade length: 7675mm, saw blade width: 54mm, saw blade thickness: 1.6mm, cutting speed: 120m/min. Overall system dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 5200mm/2700mm/2700mm, weight: approx. 6000kg. Including roller conveyors. Documentation available. On-site inspection is possible.
Gkodpsv S E Edsfx Abfoa
Listing
Germany
7,870 km
Long Goods Storage
KastoUnitower 1.0
Call
Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, An automatic Kasto dual-tower storage system is available. Cassette usable dimensions X/Y/Z: 6500mm/840mm/440mm, cassette external dimensions X/Y/Z: 6620mm/976mm/485mm, C-profile height: 245mm, max. cassette payload: 1000kg, storage locations: 49, lifting unit speed: 22m/min, pull and push speed: 20m/min, system performance: 30double cycles/h, overall system dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 7600mm/7250mm/7900mm. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible.
Gkjdpfjzd Eivex Abfsa
Listing
Germany
7,870 km
CNC Band Saw
KastoKASTOfunctional A
Call
Year of construction: 2003, condition: ready for operation (used), A fully automatic metal band saw Kasto with roller conveyors is available. Mitre min./max.: -45°/60°, max. cutting diameter: 260mm, max. cutting dimensions X/Y: 300mm/260mm, saw band dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 2910mm/27mm/0.9mm, machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 1500mm/1850mm/1500mm, weight: approx. 900kg, control: Kasto BasicControl. Certain parts of the machine are defective. An on-site inspection is possible.
Gkodjycwrhspfx Abfea
Listing
Germany
7,870 km
Band Saw
KastoTwin A5
Call
Year of construction: 2007, condition: ready for operation (used), Cutting range round: 560mm, cutting range flat (W x H): 620/560mm, material feed length, single: 900mm, multiple feed: 9999mm, shortest cut length: 6mm, minimum diameter to be cut: 15mm, minimum remnant in single cut: 15mm, shortest remnant length in automatic mode: 80mm, saw motor power, frequency-controlled: 5.5kW, cutting speed, stepless: 13-127m/min, saw blade dimensions: 7400/54/1.6mm, material support height: 700mm, total drive capacity in basic configuration: 12kW, length: 2370mm, width: 3610mm, overall dimensions with chip conveyor (L/W): 2370/3610mm, machine table height lowered: 2230mm, weight: approx. 5.2t with chip conveyor. An inspection on site is possible.
Gjdpfx Aboxg Rhvofoka
Listing
Germany
7,870 km
Band Saw
KastoKASTOwin A 3.3
Call
Year of construction: 2014, condition: ready for operation (used), An automatic Kasto horizontal band saw is available. Cutting diameter: 330mm, Cutting capacity X/Y: 330mm/350mm, Material feed length: 500mm, Min. cut-off length: 10mm, Min. cutting diameter: 10mm, Min. remnant length (automatic mode): 60mm, Cutting speed: 150m/min, Saw blade dimensions X/Y/Z: 5090mm/41mm/1.3mm, Material support height: 700mm. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 1350mm/2400mm/1850mm, Weight: approx. 2200kg. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Expected to be available starting August, 2026.
Gkodpozipfxofx Abfja
Listing
Germany
7,870 km
Band Saw
KASTOKASTOtwin A2
Call
Year of construction: 2005, condition: ready for operation (used), A hydraulically operated high-performance bandsaw with two-column guide and full enclosure. Cutting range: 260×260mm, cutting speed: 20–110m/min (infinitely variable), weight: approx. 1700kg. Machine dimensions: approx. 1800×2200×1600mm. An inspection can be arranged by appointment.
Gkedpfx Aextpq Asbfea
Listing
Germany
7,870 km
Long Goods Storage
KASTOUniTower B 1.5
Call
Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2018, The UniTower is suitable to store bars or extrusions as well as sheet metal, plates, Euro pallets or boxes. Pallets: Dimensions X/Y/Z: 3000mm/1500mm/90mm, payload per pallet: 1500kg, number of storage spaces: 86 pieces. Payload: 15kN, occupancy rate: 90%. Total dimensions without stations X/Y/Z: approx. 9000mm/6000mm/5800mm. On-site inspection is possible.
Godpfxoxv Au Ts Abfjka
Listing
Ennepetal
7,685 km
Band Saw - Automatic - Horizontal
KASTOHBA 340 AU
Call
Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, cutting diameter 340 mm
saw band length 5334 mm
cutting width 340 x 340 mm
dimensions of saw-band 5334 x 38 x 1,3 mm
min. cut-off length 6 mm
multiple feeding length 5400 mm
cutting speed 20 - 130 m/min
power capacity 5,5 kW
voltage 380 V
total power requirement 8,0 kW
Godot Tqlbspfx Abfeka
weight of the machine ca. 2,5 t
dimensions of the machine ca. 2,85 x 2,30 x 2,10 m
Horizontal automatic band saw.
Listing
Germany
7,963 km
Band Saw - Automatic - Horizontal
KASTOPBA 320/460 AU
Call
Condition: used, Technical details:
cutting diameter: 460 mm
saw band length: 4670 mm
saw band width: 45 mm
cutting range 90 degrees: round: 460 mm
Gsdpfx Abou Niixsfjka
cutting range 90 degrees: square: 320 x 500 mm
band speed: 16...160 m/min
feed stepless: ja / jes / Sí mm/min
electrical connection: 380 V / Hz.
total power requirement: ca. 7,5 kW
machine weight approx.: 2900 kg
dimension machine approx.LxWxH: 2,8 x 2,45 x 1,7 m
dimensions L x W x H: Rollenbahn: 1,1 x 0,6 x 0,3 m
FULLY AUTOMATIC BANDSAW
Manual and automatic operation
Multiple stroke = single up to 580mm and multiple up to 5220mm
Tension via clamping jaws WxH: 100 x 250mm
motorized band tensioning
Saw blade cooling
piece counter
Lubrication of the saw blade guide
Accessories:
Infeed track, motor-driven, LxW: 1300mm x 530mm
Outfeed track LxW: approx. 1000mm x 750mm
*
Listing
Oftersheim
7,877 km
Automatic blade saw
KastoHBA 10x12
Call
Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, cutting height (max.): 1,060 mm, cutting width (max.): 1,060 mm, Bandsaw Kasto HBA 10×12 Year 2007
Cutting ranges:
Cutting area round 1,060 mm
Cutting area square 1,060 x 1,060 mm
Cutting area flat 1,060 x 1,260 mm
Clamping range 300 - 1,260 mm
Smallest dimension to be sawn approx. Ø 300 mm
Smallest cut-off length 10 mm
Gkedpfx Aewk D Efsbfja
Minimum offcut length single cut 20 mm
Minimum offcut length in automatic mode 100 mm
Maximum table load 50 tons
Table travel 6100 mm
Total drive power 20 kW
Saw motor 11 kW
Infinitely variable cutting speed at 50 and 60 Hz 12 - 90 m/min
Automatic feed length single 2,100 mm
Clamping force of machine vice 50,000 N
Saw blade dimensions 11,430 x 80 x 1.6 mm
Cutting feed: infinitely variable
Material feed: hydraulic
Material clamping: hydraulic
Saw blade guide: carbide, replaceable
Saw blade tensioning: hydraulic
Saw blade cleaning: with easily replaceable brush, motor-driven
The offer is aimed exclusively at traders within the meaning of §14 BGB (German Civil Code)
No sale to private individuals
Listing
Veldhoven
7,561 km
Roller conveyor
KASTORollenbaan (5365mm)
Call
Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, total height: 700 mm, table height: 700 mm, Feed roller track (original KASTO)
Gjdpfjzab U Ujx Abfska
Length: 5365mm
Type: RB 3.0
Number of rollers: 13
Roller diameter: 90mm
Usable width: 660mm
Upstanding side rollers: 7 (height 280mm)
Unwinding protection: 7 (height 60mm)
Load-bearing capacity: 3000 kg/m
Demo model
New purchase price: €10,810
Listing
Friesenheim
7,898 km
Cold saw
KASTOKASTOradial M10
Call
Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, functionality: fully functional, Kasto Kastodisc M10 Vertical Circular Saw, Metal Cutting Saw
Manufacturer: Kasto
Type: Kastodisc M10 Metal Cutting Saw
Year of Manufacture: 2009
Condition: Used, very good, ready for demonstration
Scope of Delivery:
- Documentation
- Coolant system
- 1 x Saw blade (used)
Gjdeztyldopfx Abfoka
- Material stop, 1000 mm
Listing
Germany
7,870 km
Band Saw
KastoSSB 260 VA
Call
Condition: ready for operation (used), Offered for sale is a fully automatic KASTO vertical bandsaw. Round cutting capacity: 10mm-260mm, max. square cutting capacity X/Y: 260mm/260mm, min./max. cut-off length: 5mm/600mm, feed length: 600mm, min. remnant length: 10mm, max. cutting speed: 125m/min, saw blade dimensions X/Y/Z: 4115mm/41mm/1.3mm, control: KASTO minipos 807, weight: approx. 2200kg. Inspection by appointment is possible.
Gksdpfx Aezrzn Rjbfoa
Listing
Sasbachwalden
7,898 km
Cold saw
KASTOGKS U
Call
Condition: excellent (used), Fully hydraulic circular saw machine for workshops and production. The material is clamped using hydraulic clamping cylinders. The control system offers simple machine operation. The angle can be adjusted using a vernier scale with a resolution of 0.1 mm.
The saw feed is controlled by a hydraulic cylinder, ensuring maximum cutting accuracy. If you have any further questions or require a different cutting range, please do not hesitate to call. We would be happy to show you the machine and demonstrate its capabilities.
Technical data: Band saws KASTO
Machine type GKS U
Technical data
Drive power, saw gearbox 1.6/2.5 kW
Cutting speed 14/28 m/min
Cutting range, round: 140 mm
Cutting range, flat: 160x90 mm
Saw feed, hydraulic Hydraulic
Saw blade dimensions 425 mm
Material support 1050 mm
Machine dimensions
Length/Width 1250x1205 mm
Height 1900 mm
Machine weight 980 kg
Year of manufacture 1992
Accessories
3000 mm
1x Horizontal clamping cylinder
Coolant system
Protective hood
Gkjdpfx Ajzqmh Tebfoa
Pin guide
Height adjustment
Pressure switch
Listing
Germany
7,870 km
KASTO tec FC 4 – High-Performance Automatic Band Saw (2005)
KASTOtec FC 4
Call
Condition: used, Heavy-duty, high-performance automatic band saw with a horizontally, parallel-traveling saw band, built 2005, for cutting round, square and flat material as well as tubes and profiles in all grades — especially tool steels and hard-to-machine materials (titanium, Hastelloy, Inconel, etc.). Cutting range: round ø430 mm, square/flat H×W 430×430 mm, clamping range 0–430 mm. Saw unit in steel-mineral-cast composite construction with KASTO TrumGuides vibration damping. Saw drive 15.0 kW (14.0 kW at the wheel), connected load 25.0 kW, stepless cutting speed 30–300 m/min, saw feed 0.5–300 mm/min. Automatic NC material feed via ball-screw drive, hydraulic clamping vises on both sides, hydraulically actuated and electronically monitored band tension, self-adjusting chip removal brush, automatic cutting-gap widening and automatic zero-positioning of the first cut. Fitted with a plate belt conveyor and KASTO EasyControl. Delivered WITHOUT infeed magazine — sold without the existing chain magazine.
Gsdpfxszpb Eqj Abfoka
Listing
Wiesbaden
7,810 km
Hacksaw machine & power hacksaw
KASTO240 AU
Call
Condition: ready for operation (used), Cutting capacity, circular: 340 mm
Cutting capacity, flat: 340 x 290 mm
Cutting capacity, square: 325 x 325 mm
Saw blade dimensions: 600 x 52 x 2.5 mm
Godoznvnkspfx Abfjka
Drive motor: 380 V, 6 kW
Space requirement: 2100 x 2100 x 1470 mm
Weight, approx.: 1840 kg
Listing
Hattingen
7,668 km
Bandsaw - Horizontal
KASTOBBS 460/1660 Blockbandsaege
Call
Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, cutting diameter 460 mm
saw band length 8350 x 41 x 1,3 mm mm
cutting width 1660 mm
total power requirement 30 kW
weight of the machine ca. 21.900 kg
KASTO BBS 460/1660
2 identical machines (same photos; the other machine was built in 1998)
Manufacturer: KASTO Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG
Address: Industriestr. 14, D-77856 Achern-Gamshurst, Germany
Type: BBS 460/1660 (Block Band Saw / Horizontal Bandsaw)
Series: 101
Machine No.: 63191010041
Year of Manufacture: 1996
DIMENSIONS & WEIGHT
Weight: 21.900 kg (data card) / approx. 17,700 kg (foundation plan)
Material Support Height: 1,550 mm
Machine Footprint (L x W x H): approx. 1.24 × 3.28 × 3.49 m
Minimum Installation Space (with accessories/options): approx. 20.19 × 10.67 × 3.95 m
Cutting Range (at 90°)
Round Material: Ø 460 mm
Flat / Block Material: 1,660 × 460 mm
SAW BLADE
Standard Sizes: 8,350 × 54 × 1.3 mm or 8,350 × 41 × 1.3 mm
Alternative (per data card): 8,350 × 54 × 1.3 mm
Kerf Width (Set): approx. 2.4 mm
Gksdpszmy S Rofx Abfoa
Band Wheels: 3 × Ø 350 mm
Recommended Quality: Super Bi-Metal Saw Blades (M42) for mild steels, high-alloy tool steels, and stainless steels
For extremely hard materials: Carbide-tipped blades
PERFORMANCE DATA
Band Speed: infinitely variable 14 – 75 m/min
Feed Rate (Step Feed): infinitely variable 0.7 – 220 m/min
Electrical Connection: 400 V / 50 Hz / 30 kW (total connected load)
Coolant Capacity: 6.5 l
Noise Level: 73 dB(A)
Function Manufacturer Type Power (kW) / Current (A) Speed (rpm)
-----
Saw Motor Sieber VM6-1054/750/4 7.5 kW / 15.6 A 1500
Hydraulic Motor BauKnecht DT90-S4F 1.1 kW / 3.0 A 1500
Hydraulic Power Unit Rexroth UL 205S2016294/1 2.2 kW / 5.6 A 1500
Roller Track Motor SEW KG 35 1.2/4.8 kW / 4.6/10 A 750/3000
Band Speed Motor SEW KE66 DT 80 N 612 0.12/0.48 kW / 0.69/1.32 A 750/3000
Rapid Traverse (Eilgang) SEW KE66 DT 80 N 612 0.12/0.48 kW / 0.69/1.32 A 750/3000
Adjustment Motor Sieber DE26.18 kW / 0.6 A 3000
Coolant Pump Brinkmann TS12/190-65 0.27 kW / 0.63 A 3000
Coolant Pump Brinkmann TB 100/270 0.24 kW / 0.44 A 3000
Chip Conveyor Pump Huber + Moser 693/8F 0.08 kW / 0.65 A 750
Chip Conveyor SEW SA 42 DT 71 DB 0.12 kW / 0.69 A 750
Listing
Hattingen
7,668 km
Bandsaw - Horizontal
KASTOBBS 460/1660 Blockbandsaege
Call
Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, cutting diameter 460 mm
saw band length 8350 x 41 x 1,3 mm mm
cutting width 1660 mm
total power requirement 30 kW
weight of the machine ca. 21.900 kg
KASTO BBS 460/1660
2 identical machines (same photos; the other machine was built in 1996)
Manufacturer: KASTO Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG
Address: Industriestr. 14, D-77856 Achern-Gamshurst, Germany
Type: BBS 460/1660 (Block Band Saw / Horizontal Bandsaw)
Series: 101
Machine No.: 6319 101 004
Year of Manufacture: 1996
DIMENSIONS & WEIGHT
Weight: 21.900 kg (data card) / approx. 17,700 kg (foundation plan)
Material Support Height: 1,550 mm
Machine Footprint (L x W x H): approx. 1.24 × 3.28 × 3.49 m
Gedpezmy Sqsfx Abfjka
Minimum Installation Space (with accessories/options): approx. 20.19 × 10.67 × 3.95 m
Cutting Range (at 90°)
Round Material: Ø 460 mm
Flat / Block Material: 1,660 × 460 mm
SAW BLADE
Standard Sizes: 8,350 × 54 × 1.3 mm or 8,350 × 41 × 1.3 mm
Alternative (per data card): 8,350 × 54 × 1.3 mm
Kerf Width (Set): approx. 2.4 mm
Band Wheels: 3 × Ø 350 mm
Recommended Quality: Super Bi-Metal Saw Blades (M42) for mild steels, high-alloy tool steels, and stainless steels
For extremely hard materials: Carbide-tipped blades
PERFORMANCE DATA
Band Speed: infinitely variable 14 – 75 m/min
Feed Rate (Step Feed): infinitely variable 0.7 – 220 m/min
Electrical Connection: 400 V / 50 Hz / 30 kW (total connected load)
Coolant Capacity: 6.5 l
Noise Level: 73 dB(A)
Function Manufacturer Type Power (kW) / Current (A) Speed (rpm)
-----
Saw Motor Sieber VM6-1054/750/4 7.5 kW / 15.6 A 1500
Hydraulic Motor BauKnecht DT90-S4F 1.1 kW / 3.0 A 1500
Hydraulic Power Unit Rexroth UL 205S2016294/1 2.2 kW / 5.6 A 1500
Roller Track Motor SEW KG 35 1.2/4.8 kW / 4.6/10 A 750/3000
Band Speed Motor SEW KE66 DT 80 N 612 0.12/0.48 kW / 0.69/1.32 A 750/3000
Rapid Traverse (Eilgang) SEW KE66 DT 80 N 612 0.12/0.48 kW / 0.69/1.32 A 750/3000
Adjustment Motor Sieber DE26.18 kW / 0.6 A 3000
Coolant Pump Brinkmann TS12/190-65 0.27 kW / 0.63 A 3000
Coolant Pump Brinkmann TB 100/270 0.24 kW / 0.44 A 3000
Chip Conveyor Pump Huber + Moser 693/8F 0.08 kW / 0.65 A 750
Chip Conveyor SEW SA 42 DT 71 DB 0.12 kW / 0.69 A 750
Listing
Schwabach
8,026 km
Hacksaw
KASTOHBS 2
Call
Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, functionality: fully functional, Type: HBS 2
Year of manufacture: 2002
Gjdjzpfgxopfx Abfjka
Saw blade length: 500 mm
Power: 1.3 kW
Stroke rate: 62 / 125 / min
Cutting capacity approx. round: 210 mm
Cutting capacity approx. flat: 240 x 190 mm
Trust Seal
Dealers certified through Used-Machines

Listing
Głosków
8,372 km
Band saw
KASTOKastoTwin AE4
Call
Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, -KASTOTwin AE 4 CNC automatic bandsaw
-Cutting diameter: 400 mm
-Overall dimensions: 400x400
-Single feed: 900 mm, multiple feed: x999
-Saw blade: 5009x34x1.1 (3 additional blades included, value approx. 1,000)
-Automatic chip collector
Gksdpszp Dpxofx Abfja
-Coolant pump
-Documentation
-Original, very robust and certified roller tables: 1 receiving table, 200 cm, and 1 feeding table, 400 cm, for a total of 600 cm of roller tables
-Machine is in good working order and ready for operation; can be viewed in Głosków, near Warsaw
-Machine serviced until the end of 2025
-We can assist with transport arrangements
-Weight: 2200 kg
-Net price
Listing
Ensisheim
7,897 km
Alternativ Saw
KASTOPSB 280 U
Call
Condition: used, Alternativ Saw KASTO PSB 280 U
Gedpfx Abszmxv Iefeka
Blades dimensions: 450 mm x 40 mm x thickness 2 mm
Cutting capacity in the round: 280 mm
Square cutting capacity: 240 x 240 mm
Rectangular cutting capacity: 280 x 160 mm
Cutting capacity at 45°: 170 mm
Automatic descent
2 speeds rotation
Swivel jaws from 0 to 45°
Jaws length : 350 mm x Height 150 mm
Maxi jaws opening: 310 mm
Lubricant pump
Voltage: 380 V
Dimensions (L x W x H): 1800 x 800 x 1300 mm
Weight: approx 1 T
Listing
Aichwald
7,963 km
Roller conveyor
KASTORollenbahn
Call
Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Kasto roller conveyor, 1 meter long, with 550 mm roller width.
Load capacity: 3 tons.
Godpfxozm S Dls Abfoka
Listing
Schwabach
8,026 km
Hacksaw
KASTOPSB 350 U
Call
Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Hydraulic hacksaw for
Round: 350 mm
Saw blade length: 550 mm
Power: 2.8 kW
6 stroke rates approx.: 36 / 45 / 58 / 72 / 90 / 116 strokes/min
Gkodpfxsznc S No Abfsa
Cutting speed approx.: 11 / 13 / 17 / 22 / 36 / 34 m/min
Cutting area
flat approx.: 350 x 200 mm
We make it easier for you to find: "kasto hacksaw"
You will receive new offers immediately and free of charge via e-mail
You can easily terminate the search request at any time





























































































































































