Used Techman Cobot 6-Axis Lightweight Robot With Camera for sale (61,204)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2009, Machine will come with robot . Gsdpfxoxfu S Ns Afujkc 42.000 rpm

Condition: used, 4-axis industrial robot, handling robot, SCARA robot, handling robot, loading robot, placer STÄUBLI type TS80 + CS8C bmn Year of manufacture 10/2011 Serial no. F11/5JN5A1/A Year 2011 Number of axes 4 Handling weight (rated load) 2 kg Handling weight (maximum load) 8 kg Arm reach 800 mm Repeat accuracy (X+Y) 0.01 mm Repeat accuracy (Z) 0.004 mm Repeat accuracy (R) 0.002° Working range axis 1 +-280° Working range axis 2 +-310° Stroke axis 3 (Z-axis) 200 mm Rotation axis 4 (R-axis) +-500° Nominal speed / maximum speed: Axis 1 350 / 490 °/s Axis 2 500 / 620 °/s Axis 3 1600 / 2220 mm/s Axis 4 1200 / 1929 °/s Axes 1 + 2 8.11 / 10.84 m/s Robot configuration floor mounting Gkodpfevmhphox Afusc Controller STÄUBLI CS8C bmn Serial no. F11/5JN5A1/C Rated voltage 1 x 230 VAC Rated frequency 50 - 60 Hz Connected load 1700 VA Dimensions of controller (W x H x D) 450 x 310 x 450 mm - Controller adjacent with removable "Teach in" operation - Material gripper, workpiece gripper HELLA / MADER Total weight 190 kg Transport footprint L x W x H 900 x 700 x 1500 mm Very good condition

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2002, operating hours: 10,000 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: Nο 5237 2/2002, working width: 300 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, MAYER OVJA 1.6 ET 3WT is a premium double jersey transfer jacquard knitting machine, known for its exceptional capability in producing intricate designs and multi-colour striped fabrics. With a 30-inch diameter and an 18-gauge specification, this machine ensures the creation of fine, high-quality textiles suitable for various applications. The machine is equipped with 48 feeders, including 32 knitting (K) and 16 transfer (T) feeders, providing a consistent and smooth yarn feed that enhances production efficiency and fabric quality. The LGL compact design allows for optimal space management, making it an ideal choice for factories with limited floor space.Extra 48 memminger D 72277 feeders for lycra included in price. Manufactured in 2002, the OVJA 1.6 ET incorporates robust construction and reliable performance, making it a valuable asset for textile manufacturers seeking to produce superior fabrics with complex jacquard patterns and vibrant colours.The machine is in working condition full production.video is available in production Gedpfxsybbrps Afuokc

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: T40065, MACHINE SPECIFICATION Maximum swing 510mm Maximum turned diameter 290mm Maximum turning length 540mm Bed inclination 60 degrees Spindle centre height (from floor) 960mm Spindle nose A2-6 Power chucking system Hydraulic Spindle bore 77.5mm Bar capacity - collet 66mm Maximum spindle speed 5000rpm Spindle motor power 22kW Rapid travers : Z/X Axis 30/25m/min Turret: Tooling type VDI 40 Number of tooling stations 12 Number of driven tool stations 6 Maximum rpm of driven tool 4000rpm Gsdjq Atxyopfx Afujkc Maximum power of driven tool 3.7kW Maximum collet size of driven tool 20mm C axis increment: Fully programmable 0.001 degrees Approximate net weight 4550Kg Machine Equipped with Fanuc 21i-T CNC Control System Hydraulic 3 jaw chuck 3 off Radial driven toolholders 3 off Axial driven toolholders 30 off Static toolholders Coolant system Lighting Interlocked guarding  

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Case Maker with Robotic Hand – High Efficiency Book Cover Machine We are offering a high-quality case making machine designed for the production of book covers, notebooks, and similar hardcover products. Equipped with a robotic hand, this machine ensures precision, consistency, and efficient handling during the production process. It is suitable for working with a wide range of materials, including gray board, MDF, wooden boards, mirror board, as well as various cover materials such as art paper, specialty metallic papers (gold/silver), fabric, and velvet. Gkjdpoy Dqx Ssfx Afuec Ideal for print shops, binderies, and packaging manufacturers looking to improve productivity and product quality. Working speed: 15-28 pcs/min Max hardcover size: 460x300mm Min Hardcover size: 55x60mm Case Thickness range: 1-12mm Cover Thickness range: 100 -250 g/m2 Case materials range: Gray board, wooden board. mdf, mirror board Cover materials range: Art paper, Silver/gold paper, Fabric, Velvet Machine dimension: 1150x1500x1700mm Machine weight: 650kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, load capacity: 150 kg, stroke length: 1,500 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Transfer weight: 150 kg Lift (arms): 1,500 mm MACHINE DETAILS Gksdpoyfuwgsfx Afuec Number of magazines: 2 Capacity per magazine: 12 pallets EQUIPMENT 12 pallets, System 3R GPS 240 with mechanical centering vise SPREITZER MZS 260-125 A 12 pallets, System 3R GPS 240 with mechanical centering vise SPREITZER MZU 170-60 Zero-point clamping system System 3R GPS 240

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, functionality: fully functional, ABB IRB 1600ID-4/1.5 IRC5 M2004 robot, mechanics only Number of axes: 6 Max. payload: 4 kg Max. working range: 1500 mm Year of manufacture: 08/2013 Godpfxezmukze Afuokc Serial number: 1600-100666 Scope of delivery: Robot mechanics Used item – shows normal signs of wear. Further details, article numbers, and images available upon request. Two-week commissioning guarantee. No further warranty. In addition, spare parts are constantly available in stock. The robot is fully functional and can be inspected at any time. Free loading / ex works. The stated amount is net. The legally required value-added tax of 19% will be added at checkout. You will receive a proper invoice with the value-added tax shown. Collection on site in 74722 Buchen/Hainstadt. Shipping or freight costs vary depending on the quantity, weight, and desired delivery conditions. Shipping costs to foreign countries upon request – please specify country, city, and postal code. Freight costs upon request – please specify delivery address.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, ABB Robotics IRB 2600 20/1.65 Foundry Plus IRC5 M2004 robot Number of axes: 6 Max. payload: 20 kg Max. working range: 1650 mm Year of manufacture: 2012 Scope of delivery: Robot, control cabinet, teach panel, connecting cables Used item – shows normal signs of wear. Gksdpfx Afozmq Rkoujc Further details, article numbers, and images available upon request. Two-week commissioning guarantee. No further warranty. In addition, spare parts are constantly available in stock. The robot is fully functional and can be inspected at any time. Free loading / ex works. The stated amount is net. The legally required value-added tax of 19% will be added at checkout. You will receive a proper invoice with the VAT amount shown. Collection on site at 74722 Buchen/Hainstadt. Shipping or freight costs vary depending on the number of items, weight, and desired delivery conditions. Shipping costs to foreign countries available upon request – please specify country, city, and postal code. Freight costs available upon request – please specify delivery address.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1412-V00-288, load capacity: 50 kg, stroke length: 1,450 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Transfer weight: 50 kg Stroke (arm): 1,450 mm Magazine: 60 pallets Gedpfxjyfu D Ho Afujkc EQUIPMENT Sliding plate for WorkPal 23 pallets, System 3R Macro 70 Mechanical centric vises SPREITZER MZQ 110-60 PA

Condition: excellent (used), HERMLE C 42 U is a 2 x 5‑axis machining centres with loading robot, engineered for high precision and reliability. Table 400×400 mm, table load 450 kg, travels X800 Y800 Z550 mm, A ±130°. Spindle HSK‑A63 0–18,000 rpm, 42 kW, 148 Nm; rapid 45/45/40 m/min. Tool magazines 42+160, 54 pallets, KUKA robot, coolant 80 bar, Renishaw/BLUM. Suited for tight tolerances in automotive, aerospace, watchmaking, medical. Godpfoyxn Dnsx Afuokc

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, power: 17.1 kW (23.25 HP), input voltage: 400 V, input current: 44 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, travel distance X-axis: 4,320 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,326 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 170 mm, number of axes: 5, number of slots in tool magazine: 33, overall weight: 6,700 kg, Equipment: CE marking, Biesse Rover C 6.50 Config. 3 CNC machining centre 5-Axis Gsdpfx Aozqdmasfuokc Description Numerically controlled machining center ROVER C 6.50 Working fields - configuration 3 :X = 4600 mm; Y = 1535 mm; Z = 275 mm CE Safety devices 8 ATS panel supports - L = 152 5 mm - 32 sliding bases Automatic positioning of 8 panel supports and sliding bases (EPS X-Y ) Belt conveyor for the removal of chips and off-cuts Pneumatic locking system divided in 2 work areas in X 8 rear reference stops with a stroke of 115 mm 8 Stops with a stroke of 140 mm positioned at 1175 mm (L= 12 80 - 1525 - 1800 mm) 4 Side stops with a stroke of 140 mm (2 Lh + 2 Rh) inclusive of the pneumatic system. 4 removable central stops with a stroke of 140 mm (2 Lh + 2 Rh) incl. of the pneumatic system Sensor for the detection of lowered stops Pneumatic system for lifting bar supports with double pneumatic stroke 6 lifting bar supports with double pneumatic stroke (H=74mm)uniclamps Vacuum system for a 250 m3/h pump 1 x 250 m3/h rotary veins vacuum pump for standard vacuum system Composition C3-A1 Operating unit with 5 interpolating axes Prearrangement for the assembly of chip deflectors with pneumatic or inductive sensor on a 5-axes operating unit Composition C3-P2 Chain tool changer with 33 places at 120 mm center distance Iron gripper on chain toolchanger for chip deflector compatible with 5-axes electrospindle RH Chip deflector for 5-axes operating unit Liquid cooling unit for liquid cooled systems Automatic lubrication system Software update from BiesseWorks Basic machine to BiesseWorks Advanced machine CE (Despite our great care all changes, mistakes in technical data, prices and all information is subject to (typing) errors. No guarantee on printed data! Availability subject to prior sales). (Trotz größter Sorgfalt bleiben Änderungen, Irrtümer bei technischen Daten, Preisen und allen Angaben (Tipp-)Fehler vorbehalten. Keine Gewähr auf gedruckte Daten! Verfügbarkeit vorbehaltlich Zwischenverkauf). Prices excl. advertisement cost MachineSeeker / Preise exkl. Inserierungskosten MaschinenSucher Best woodworkingmachines from the Netherlands Holland Die besten holzbearbeitungsmaschinen aus die Niederlande De beste gebruikte machines uit Nederland

Condition: excellent (used), Stäubli Type: TX90L Robot / CS8C Controller Six-axis robot with control unit For sale is a Stäubli TX90L 6-axis industrial robot including CS8C controller and original teach pendant. The robot is suitable for pick & place, assembly, handling, machine loading, as well as automation, testing, and training applications. Programming via VAL3. Technical Data – Robot Model: TX90L Gkjdpfx Afozix Ucjujc Axes: 6 Payload: 5–6 kg nominal, up to 15 kg short-term Reach: approx. 1,200 mm Repeatability: ±0.035 mm Wrist protection rating: IP65 (IP67) Mounting: Floor / Wall / Ceiling Robot weight: approx. 113 kg Technical Data – Controller Controller: Stäubli CS8C Software: VAL3 s6.7.1 Programming languages: VAL3, PLC IEC 61131-3 Interfaces: Ethernet, fieldbus, digital I/O, serial interfaces Power supply: 3 × 400 V, 50/60 Hz Power consumption: approx. 2000 VA Protection rating: IP20 Controller weight: approx. 50 kg Condition: used Scope of delivery: (see photo) - Stäubli TX90L robot arm - CS8C controller - Original teach pendant - Connection cables (Subject to changes and errors in the technical specifications and information!) If you have further questions, we are happy to answer them by phone.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2016, travel distance X-axis: 1,450 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,050 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 600 mm, table load: 600 kg, spindle speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 15,000 W, number of axes: 5, This 5s Okuma MU 6300 V L 5 AXIS was manufactured in 2016. It features a generous X-Axis travel of 1,450 mm and Y-Axis travel of 1,050 mm, providing ample workspace for various machining tasks. With a maximum workpiece diameter of 830 mm and a tool magazine capacity of 64 positions, consider the opportunity to buy this Okuma MU 6300 V L vertical machining centre. Contact us for further details. • A-axis rotation: +90° / -120° • C-axis rotation speed: 800 rpm • Distance table–spindle nose: 160–760 mm Godpfx Asyia Tlofuskc • Rapid feed (all axes): 50 m/min • C-axis table diameter: 630 mm • Max workpiece size (D × H): 830 × 550 mm • Tool magazine: 64 positions (expandable to 166) Technical Specification Taper Size HSK 63

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2019, machine/vehicle number: 2019-XXX, Model UR3 CB3 – year 2019 – used for exhibition (like new) – with original packaging Robot weight: 11 kg Payload: 3 kg Maximum reach: 50 cm IP rating: IP64 Gedpfxotw Ud Dj Afuekc Average power consumption: 125W Repeatability: ± 0.01mm Linear speed: 1 m/s Power cable length: 6m Arm to control box cable length: 6m Teach Pendant (control tablet) cable length: 4.5m Price €10,900.00 (+VAT)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, We are offering for sale our Kuka laser welding robot KR60-3 with KRC4 ROBOTstar controller. The system is in very good condition and is being sold only due to a product change by a customer. Laser welding robot KR60-3 with KRC4 ROBOTstar controller. Scanner – processing optics in combination with a camera system for welding copper connections. Component feed via Bosch Rexroth transfer system TS 2 plus. Laser system from IPG with 5 kW power and a fiber output. Media supply. Rotary-tilting module DKP 400. Laser protection cabin, active according to EN 60825. Control panel / HMI for operating the system. KUKA system control and PLC cabinet. Extraction and filter system. The system will be sold from its current location (Zollner Electronic, Str. Parc Industrial Sud 10, Satu Mare 440247, Romania). We will gladly answer any questions you may have about the system and provide you with all relevant documentation. The new price of the system in 2019 was approximately €980,000. Inspection and demonstration are possible at any time by appointment. Special feature of the system: also suitable for deep copper welding!!!! Expected availability: Immediately. We would like to emphasize “explicitly” the very good technical and visual condition of the entire system!!! The camera head alone costs more than €85,000!!! Gedpfx Ajvtnd Sjfujkc

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 1 kg, For sale is an OnRobot RG2-FT intelligent electric robot gripper in unused condition, complete with original packaging and the accessories shown in the picture. The RG2-FT combines an electrically adjustable 2-finger gripper with integrated force/torque and proximity sensing. This makes it particularly suitable for precise handling, assembly, and pick-and-place applications. Technical specifications: Manufacturer: OnRobot Model: RG2-FT Gripping force: 3–40 N Stroke: 100 mm Friction-locking load capacity: 2 kg Form-locking load capacity: up to 4 kg Supply: 24 V DC Protection rating: IP54 Gksdpfxoz Dp Elj Afuec Weight: approx. 0.98 kg Integrated force/torque sensing Integrated proximity sensors Country of manufacture: Denmark The original packaging and the accessories shown in the picture are included in the scope of delivery.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, ABB Robotics IRB 6600 175/2.8 robot Controller: IRC5 M2004 Number of axes: 6 Max. payload: 175 kg Max. working range: 2800 mm Gksdpfxsz Rk Suj Afujc Scope of delivery: Robot, controller, cables, teach panel, wiring diagrams, floppy disk drive for data backup Used item – shows normal signs of wear. Further details, article numbers and images available upon request. Two-week commissioning guarantee. No further warranty. In addition, spare parts are constantly available in stock. The robot is fully functional and can be inspected at any time. Free loading / ex works. The stated amount is net. The legally required value-added tax of 19% will be added at checkout. You will receive a proper invoice with VAT shown. Collection on site in 74722 Buchen/Hainstadt. Shipping or freight costs vary depending on the quantity, weight and desired delivery conditions. Shipping costs to foreign countries upon request – please provide country, city and postal code. Freight costs upon request – please provide delivery address.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, ABB 2600-12/1.85 Type B robot, fully equipped with options. DEVELOPMENT OF GSG ROBOTICS GSG Robotics GmbH, founded in 2005 in Gütersloh, has been based in Marl since 2015, serving a large area for robot maintenance and repair. Over the years, we have evolved into a comprehensive partner for all matters related to industrial robots and automation technology. We are a full-service provider for the two renowned robot manufacturers, ABB and Fanuc. Gkedpfx Afozxblpeusc

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2020, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, Number of axis: 3 Reach: 1300 mm Payload: 4 kg X = 300mm Y= 1000mm Gksdpsx Urvtsfx Afuoc Z=1300mm

Condition: ready for operation (used), The robot is used for dispensing pastes or liquids in a targeted or arbitrary manner. Gkedpfxohx Nh Re Afuec

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, Technical details: x-travel: 760 mm y-travel: 550 mm z-travel: 300 mm control: Röders RMS 6 Vers. 2.70 spindle taper ISO: HSK E40 turning speed range: 42.000 stufenlos U/min spindle head swivable left - right: -52 ° / +5° (B-Achse) ° feed:: 0 - 30.000 mm/min Tool changer: 18-fach Werkzeuge + 2 places for Werkzeugvermessung Table dimensions: 860 x 550 mm table load capacity: 800 kp Number of working hours: siehe Foto h Gedpfx Afou Ndbpsuskc compressed air: 6,5 bar total power requirement: 20 kW weight approx.: 7000 kg dimension machine xH: 3,1 x 2,4 x 2,6 m dimension coolant device: ca. 0,6 x 0,8 x 0,7 m other features: Highspeed direct spindle digital axis drives AC servo motors ball screw spray cooling (microjet cooling jet and lubrication unit) working spindle Fischer MFW - 1230/42 up to 42.000 rpm tool measuring laser and probe system PS 25.00 Manual control unit Climatic cabinet Cooling water recooler Hyfra The machine can be demonstrated under power. *

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, controller model: iTNC Heidenhain 530, spindle speed (max.): 42,000 rpm, swivel angle C-axis (max.): 360 °, number of axes: 5, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! The lot consists of 2x 5-axis HSC machining centers and pallet system with robot MIKRON HSM 600 U (serial number: 217.88.00.070) TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis travel: 800 mm Y-axis travel: 600 mm Z-axis travel: 500 mm Spindle Spindle speed: 42,000 rpm Tool holder: HSK 40 Axes B-axis swivel range: +30° / –110° C-axis rotation range: 360° C-Axis Combination rotary table range: n x 360° Rotational speed: 360 rpm (2,160°/s) Torque (nominal): 340 Nm Torque (max.): 217 Nm max. Clamping torque: 1,400 Nm B-Axis Swivel range: +30° / –110° Swivel speed: 200 rpm (1,200°/s) Swivel torque: 640 Nm Clamping torque: 2,800 Nm Clamping surface: 320 x 320 mm Table load capacity: max. 120 kg Tool magazine: 68 stations Control: Heidenhain iTNC 530 Workpiece weight: max. 120 kg EQUIPMENT Rotary tilting table with Erowa UCP MIKRON HSM 400 U (serial number: 217.87.00.178) TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis travel: 400 mm Y-axis travel: 240 mm Z-axis travel: 350 mm Spindle Spindle speed: 42,000 rpm Tool holder: HSK 40 Axes B-axis swivel range: ±110° C-axis rotation range: 360° C-Axis Combination rotary table range: n x 360° Rotational speed: 250 rpm (1,500°/s) Godsx Hx T Ajpfx Afuskc Torque (nominal): 132 Nm Torque (max.): 217 Nm max. Clamping torque: 500 Nm B-Axis Swivel range: ±110° Swivel speed: 165 rpm (990°/s) Swivel torque (nominal): 485 Nm Swivel torque (max.): 686 Nm max. Clamping torque: 2,000 Nm Clamping surface: ITS 148 Powerchuck Table load capacity: max. 25 kg Tool magazine: 36 stations Control: Heidenhain iTNC 530 EQUIPMENT Rotary tilting table EROWA ROBOT MULTI TWIN Gripper station: 6 stations Grippers: various Storage system Rotary storage: 5 levels Level allocation Level 1: 5 x UCP 300 x 300 mm Level 2: 5 x UCP 300 x 300 mm Level 3: 15 x ITS 148 Level 4: 15 x ITS 148 Level 5: 30 x ITS 50 GENERAL EQUIPMENT Absolute measuring systems on all axes Infrared touch probe LASER Electronic handwheel for setup mode Graphite dust extraction 2x BURN WK 5806 Rotary pallet storage

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, 1 x N&N Nadratowski / Orbmix twin-shaft mixer grinder with tote bin tipper/column loader. Supplied with various hole plates. Suitable for a variety of products including meat, poultry, fish, vegetables, petfood, sandwich fillings, etc. Manufacturer - N&N Nadratowski. Model - MG-450/160. Gedpfx Afjwplc Ajuokc Date of manufacture - 2011. Mixing capacity - 450 litres (approx 350 litres of product). Output - up to 2,000 kg/h, depending on product. Electric supply - 400 V / 50 hz / 3 phase. Power - 24 kW. Weight - 1530 kg (mixer grinder) and 282 kg (column loader). Previous use - for mixing and grinding a poultry and vegetable mixed product.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, WE OFFER AN NICE CONDITION TWIN ROBOTI WELDING CELL YEAR 2012, MACHINE WAS USED IN PRODUCTION FROM 2012 TO 2019 ONLY 7 YEARS IN USE . MACHINE WE CAN PUT FOR CUSTOMER ON GROUND, START UP AND MADE AN OPERATORS TRAINING POSITIONER IS HORIZONTAL TURNING: SEE VIDEO LENGHT OF POSITIONER: 4 METERS Gkjdpjvkkhbefx Afuoc MAX LOAD PER SIDE PALET 750KG ROBOTS 2X OTC MODEL: NV61-NEFN ROBOTS CONTROL: AX-21 CV0000 WELDING MACHINES 2X FRONIUS CMT TOOLINGS PALET CAN BE CHANGING WE CAN OFFER ALSO TOLINGS FOR THE CUSTOMER PRODUCT

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2016, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 25-210182, load capacity: 12 kg, repeat accuracy: 0.08 mm, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Load capacity: 12 kg Repeatability: ± 0.08 mm Power consumption: 1.5 kVA Working range, main axes S-axis (rotation): -170° to +170° L-axis (forearm): -90° to +155° U-axis (upper arm): -175° to +240° Working range, wrist axes R-axis (wrist rotation): -180° to +180° B-axis (wrist swivel/flexion): -135° to +135° T-axis (wrist rotation): -360° to +360° MACHINE DETAILS Controller Type: FS100 Dimensions (H x W x D): 470 x 200 x 420 mm Cooling system: Indirect cooling Interfaces: USB 2.0, RS-232C, LAN (100 Base-TX / 10 Base-T) Dimensions Dimensions (L x W x H): 2,500 x 2,000 x 2,373 mm Footprint: 5,000 x 3,000 mm Operating voltage: 3 x 400 V, 50 Hz Control voltage: 24 V DC Power consumption: max. 1.5 kVA EQUIPMENT Drawer module Gedpfxsz Ephis Afuekc Transfer and centering module Interchangeable 2-point double gripper, standard