Used Diesinking / Edm for sale (533)

Condition: good (used), Thread cutting chuck, thread chuck, tap chuck, thread cutting apparatus -Manufacturer: Edalco, Thread cutting attachment with slip clutch -Type: Edalmatic EDM-R 1030 -Thread cutting sizes: M10 - M30 Kedoza Tgcspfx Ai Rsdr -Integrated reversing gearbox: with rapid return -Recording: MK5 -Tap chuck: Ø 22 mm -Dimensions: Ø 123 x 475 mm -Weight: 9 kg

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 550 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 350 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 1,000 kg, workpiece length (max.): 760 mm, workpiece width (max.): 450 mm, workpiece height (max.): 255 mm, overall weight: 4,000 kg, Wire EDM machine GF AgieCharmilles Spirit 3 Year of manufacture: 2008 Travel ranges (X/Y/Z): 550 x 400 x 350 mm Max. workpiece dimensions: 760 x 450 x 255 mm Max. workpiece weight: 1000 kg Distance table - quill: 170-520 mm Bath level up to 295 mm Includes pneumatic chuck of the 3R system or Erowa ITS 50, selectable Includes 10-position electrode changer in the magazine Max. electrode weight: 50 kg Includes C-axis with U=0-40 RPM Total weight (without dielectric fluid): 3300 kg Dimensions: 2800 x 2800 x 2690 mm After receiving your order, we will clean, service, and test the machine. You will then receive a 6-month warranty on the machine. We would be happy to provide you with free training on the machine at our facility. We would also be pleased to offer you the following additional services and products: - Commissioning - Transport - On-site training - Clamping devices - Dielectric fluid Kdedpfx Aiezcawmo Rsr - Cooling unit

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, GF AgieCharmilles FORM 2000 HP Year of manufacture: 2012 C-frame design, fixed table with lowering tank Travel (X/Y/Z): 400 x 300 x 350 mm Table to quill distance: 170-520 mm Max. workpiece size (L x W x H): 820 x 580 x 250 mm Kdedsyniyuspfx Ai Rer Max. workpiece weight: 800 kg Integrated C-axis for rotation, indexing, and EDM (U=0-100 rpm) Pneumatic chuck of your choice (Erowa/3R Systems) ISPG generator with 60 Amps Best attainable surface finish: Ra 0.10 µm AGIEVISION 5 control interface 15” LCD color screen, mouse or touchscreen, lift keyboard, and manual control unit Including EROWA ERC 80 robot - Electrode changer - Pallet changer Net weight of the machine: 3,830 kg Machine dimensions: 1,410 x 2,460 x 2,660 mm Upon order confirmation, the machine will be cleaned, serviced, and tested by us. Optional: - Commissioning and training - Transportation and installation - Cooling unit - Dielectric fluid

Year of construction: 2008, condition: refurbished (used), AGIECUT Challenge V3, Year of manufacture 2008 travels: X= 500 mm, Y= 350 mm, Z= 256 mm travels U/V-axis: +/- 70 mm Maximum taper: 30° at 100 mm height Maximum workpiece dimensions: 1050 x 650 x 250 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 400/800 kg Achievable surface quality: Ra: 0.2 µm Available wire diameters: 0.10 - 0.33 mm Water bath machine with automatic wire threading With automatically lowerable tank (accessible from 2 sides) Incl. AGIEJOGGER- hand box for comfortable set-up Incl. AGIESETUP 3D AGIEVISION 5 control system AGIE IPG-V generator Dimensions (length x width x height): 2800 x 2400 x 2220 mm Net weight: 4500 kg The machine is cleaned, overhauled and extensively tested by us after receipt of order. Incl. user training at Techma on your overhauled machine Optional: transport, commissioning, training, cooler Kodpfxjm Amf Do Ai Rsdr

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2000, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 350 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 250 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 300 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 500 kg, Charmilles Roboform 35 Year of manufacture: 2000 C-frame design Fixed table with lowering tank Travel distances: X=350 mm, Y=250 mm, Z=300 mm Max. workpiece size: X=780 mm, Y=400 mm, Z=300 mm Max. workpiece weight: 500 kg Max. electrode weight: 50 kg Distance table to chuck: 150 - 450 mm Kdodpfx Aieyyxbts Rsr Working current 64 Ampere Isopulse generator Linear glass scales with 0.5 µm measuring resolution Includes pneumatic chuck Erowa ITS 50/3R Systems Machine weight (net): 2800 kg Machine dimensions (L x W x H): 1900 x 1690 x 2400 mm The machine was in operation with our customer until recently and is fully functional.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, GF AgieCharmilles Classic V3 Year of manufacture 2008 Travel paths: X= 500 mm, Y= 350 mm, Z= 426 mm Travel paths U/V axis: +/- 70 mm Maximum conicity: 30° at 100 mm height Maximum workpiece dimensions: 1050 x 650 x 420 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 400 (in bath) / 800 (without bath) kg Kdodpfx Aev Hbygei Rer Achieveable surface quality: Ra: 0.20 µm Maximum cutting rate: 300 mm²/min Available wire diameters: 0.15 – 0.33 mm Water bath machine with automatic wire threading and re-threading after wire breakage With manual front door (accessible from 1 side) Incl. AGIEJOGGER handbox for comfortable Setting up AGIE IPG-V generator AGIEVISION 5 control Dimensions (length x width x height): 1940 x 2300 x 2600 mm Net weight: 3460 kg The machine has already been cleaned, overhauled and tested by us. We would be happy to carry out an individual test cut for you. You receive a 6-month warranty on all machine parts. We would also be happy to offer you commissioning and training

Year of construction: 2006, condition: refurbished (used), AGIECUT Challenge 3 eCut Year of manufacture: 2006 Travel ranges: X = 500 mm, Y = 350 mm, Z = 256 mm Travel ranges U/V axis: +/- 70 mm Maximum taper: 30° at 100 mm height Maximum workpiece dimensions: 1050 x 650 x 250 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 400/800 kg Achievable surface quality: Ra: 0.2 µm Available wire diameters: 0.10 – 0.33 mm Ksdpfxogfm Rrs Ai Rodr Wire EDM machine with automatic wire threading With automatically lowerable tank (accessible from 2 sides) Incl. AGIEJOGGER hand box for convenient setup Incl. AGIESETUP 3D AGIEVISION control AGIE generator with eCut technologies for faster and more efficient machining Dimensions (length x width x height): 2800 x 2400 x 2220 mm Net weight: 4500 kg After receiving your order, we will clean, overhaul, and thoroughly test the machine. Subsequently, we will commission the machine at your facility. You will receive a 6-month warranty on the machine. We would be pleased to offer you the following additional services: - Control and maintenance training - Cooling unit - Programming system - Consumables - Clamping devices - Transport

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, The GF AgieCharmilles CUT 30P, built in 2011, is a powerful and precise used wire EDM machine specifically designed for demanding machining applications in the metalworking industry. Thanks to state-of-the-art technology and intelligent control, the CUT 30P offers the highest cutting quality, low maintenance requirements, and an excellent return on investment. Kdjdev S Ua Dspfx Ai Ror Main Features & Benefits: ✅ Large work area: Workpiece size: max. 1050 x 800 x 350 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 1000 kg Travel paths: X/Y/Z: 600 x 400 x 350 mm U/V: ± 50 mm Conical machining up to ± 25° / 80 mm ✅ High-precision machining: Positioning accuracy thanks to glass scales Automatic wire tensioning for consistently precise cutting results Surface quality up to Ra < 0.25 µm ✅ Efficient wire system: Wire diameter: 0.15 – 0.30 mm Automatic wire feeding and rethreading 25 kg wire spool for long operating times ✅ Intelligent control & user-friendliness: Windows-based control with intuitive user interface 15" LCD display for easy programming DXF import & 3D graphic check for precise simulations ✅ Reliability & low operating costs: Energy-efficient generator with low power consumption (9 kVA) Low maintenance costs thanks to robust construction and durable wear parts Integrated collision protection for maximum safety Ideal for: ✔ Tool & mold making ✔ High-precision components ✔ Series production & prototyping Experience maximum productivity with the GF AgieCharmilles CUT 30P – The perfect choice for precise and economical wire EDM! 📌 Our used machine, built in 2011, is cleaned, overhauled, and comprehensively tested before sale to ensure the highest quality and reliability. 📩 Contact us for a customized quote or demonstration! We are also happy to offer commissioning and training on the machine.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, AGIECUT Classic 2S Year of manufacture 2001 Travel paths: X= 350 mm, Y= 250 mm, Z= 256 mm Travel paths U/V axis: +/- 70 mm Maximum conicity: 30° at 100 mm height Maximum workpiece dimensions: 750 x 550 x 250 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 200 (in bath) / 450 (without bath) kg Kdsdpev Dkvrjfx Ai Ror Achieveable surface quality: Ra: 0.30 µm Maximum cutting rate: 300 mm²/min Available wire diameters: 0.20 – 0.33 mm Water bath machine with automatic wire threading and re-threading after wire breakage With manual front door (accessible from 1 side) Incl. AGIEJOGGER handbox for convenient setup AGIE HSS-C generator AGIEVISION control Dimensions (length x width x height): 1640 x 2040 x 2220 mm Net weight: 2580 kg Our machines are cleaned and overhauled after we receive the order. A test cut is then carried out with the best surface for acceptance. You receive a 6-month warranty on the machine. We are happy to offer you commissioning and training on site.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, workpiece weight (max.): 450 kg, travel distance X-axis: 350 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 250 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 256 mm, AGIECUT Challenge 2 eCut Kedpfxsxyxfpj Ai Redr Year of manufacture: 2005 Travel ranges (X/Y/Z): 350 x 250 x 256 mm Travel ranges (U/V): +/- 70 mm Maximum taper: 30° at 100 mm Maximum workpiece dimensions (length/width/height): 750 x 550 x 250 mm Maximum workpiece weight (with/without bath): 200/450 kg Best achievable surface finish: 0.2 µm Ra Available wire diameters: 0.10 - 0.33 mm Includes AGIE universal clamping frame Includes AGIE JOGGER handbox Includes console with USB port The machine will be cleaned, overhauled, and tested by us after receipt of the order. Commissioning and training can also be provided upon request.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 450 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 1,600 kg, total height: 2,780 mm, total width: 2,265 mm, total length: 2,110 mm, quill stroke: 450 mm, workpiece length (max.): 1,220 mm, workpiece width (max.): 870 mm, workpiece height (max.): 470 mm, GF AgieCharmilles FORM 300 Year of manufacture: 2014 Die-sinking EDM machine in C-frame design (fixed table) with automatic lowering tank Travel paths (X/Y/Z): 600 x 400 x 450 mm Maximum workpiece size: 1220 x 870 x 470 mm Table dimensions: 750 x 600 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 1,600 kg Maximum electrode weight: 50 kg Innovative ISPG Generator (Intelligent Speed Power Generator) for maximum efficiency Maximum working current: 80 amps Surface finish up to Ra 0.08 µm AC FORM HMI with intuitive user interface & touchscreen Intelligent workpiece measurement & 3D correction Reduced electrode wear thanks to iQ technology Adaptive control (ACC & ACO) for optimized spark erosion and reduced electrode wear Pneumatic chuck of your choice (Erowa or 3R Systems) Includes 6-position electrode changer LTC Machine dimensions: 2265 x 2110 x 2780 mm Total weight: 4,500 kg The machine will be cleaned, overhauled and extensively tested prior to sale to ensure the highest quality and reliability. Ksdpfsx Sv E Hex Ai Redr We are also happy to offer you additional services: - Transport - Commissioning - Training - Accessories such as clamping devices

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, workpiece weight (max.): 800 kg, travel distance X-axis: 500 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 350 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 256 mm, total length: 1,050 mm, total width: 650 mm, workpiece height (max.): 250 mm, AGIECUT Excellence 3 eCut Year of manufacture: 2005 Travel paths: X = 500 mm, Y = 350 mm, Z = 256 mm U/V-axis travel: +/- 70 mm Maximum taper: 30° at 100 mm height Maximum workpiece dimensions: 1050 x 650 x 250 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 400/800 kg Achievable surface quality: Ra: 0.10 µm Available wire diameters: 0.10 – 0.33 mm Submerged tank machine with automatic wire threading With automatically lowering tank (accessible from 2 sides) Including AGIEJOGGER hand box for convenient machine setup Including AGIESETUP 3D Kdodpfsyu Iq Eox Ai Rjr AGIEVISION control system AGIE IPG generator with eCut technologies Dimensions (L x W x H): 2800 x 2400 x 2220 mm Net weight: 4500 kg The machine will be cleaned, overhauled, and thoroughly tested by us upon receipt of order. Includes user training at Techma on your overhauled machine Optional services available on request: - Transport - Commissioning - Chiller unit - Clamping devices

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, GF AgieCharmilles CUT 2000X Year of construction 2018 Kedpfx Aot I Dtnei Rsdr Travels: X= 350 mm, Y= 250 mm, Z= 256 mm Travel paths U/V axis: +/- 70 mm Maximum taper: 30° at 100 mm height Maximum workpiece dimensions: 750 x 550 x 250 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 200/450 kg AGIE IPG-V generator Achievable surface quality: Ra: 0.05 µm Available wire diameters: 0.05 - 0.30 mm incl. KIT 50 option Incl. automatic wire changer AWC Water bath machine with automatic wire threader With automatically lowerable container (accessible from 2 sides) Incl. AGIEJOGGER hand box for convenient set-up Incl. AGIESETUP 3D Incl. glass scales for X- and Y-axis VISION 5 control unit 15" LCD color screen, lifting keyboard and mouse Incl. Conic-Plus option for improved taper Incl. Threading Expert Dimensions (length x width x height): 2095 x 1950 x 2232 mm Net weight: 3600 kg The machine is completely overhauled and tested by us. An individual test cut is also possible. We also offer commissioning and on-site training for this machine.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 350 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 250 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 300 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 500 kg, total height: 2,398 mm, total width: 1,690 mm, total length: 1,900 mm, quill stroke: 300 mm, workpiece length (max.): 790 mm, workpiece width (max.): 530 mm, workpiece height (max.): 275 mm, overall weight: 2,800 kg, tank capacity: 410 l, Charmilles Roboform 350 Year of manufacture: 2007 C-frame sinker EDM machine Fixed table with lowering tank Travel (X/Y/Z): 350 x 250 x 300 mm Kodpfx Aijyu N Ske Rjdr Maximum workpiece dimensions: 790 x 530 x 275 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 500 kg Programmable bath height: 100-325 mm Including pneumatic chuck Erowa ITS 50 / 3R Systems / Hirschmann (choice of one) Maximum electrode weight: 50 kg Without electrode changer Charmilles DPControl operating interface Operation via 12" LCD color touchscreen Keyboard and hand pendant also available Machine dimensions: 1900 x 1690 x 2522 mm Total weight: 2800 kg The machine will be cleaned and serviced by us upon receipt of order. Afterwards, an EDM test will be performed. We are happy to commission the machine at your site and provide operator training. Optional: - Transport - Cooling unit - Dielectric fluid - Clamping devices

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, workpiece weight (max.): 3,000 kg, travel distance X-axis: 800 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 550 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 525 mm, GF AgieCharmilles Progress V4 Year of manufacture: 2008 Travel paths: X= 800 mm, Y= 550 mm, Z= 525 mm Travel paths: U= 800 mm V=550 mm Maximum taper: 30° at 500 mm height Maximum workpiece dimensions: 1300 x 1000 x 510 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 3000 kg Achievable surface quality: Ra: 0.20 µm Kjdpfxowvqwrs Ai Rsdr Maximum cutting rate: 500 mm²/min Available wire diameters: 0.15 – 0.33 mm Submerged-type machine with automatic wire threading and re-threading after wire breakage With automatic front door Includes AGIEJOGGER hand-held box for convenient setup AGIE IPG-V generator AGIEVISION 5 control Dimensions (length x width x height): 2900 x 3050 x 2850 mm Net weight: 6000 kg The machine will be cleaned and overhauled upon receipt of your order. You will receive a 6-month warranty on all machine components. We are also happy to offer commissioning and training services.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 350 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 250 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 256 mm, AGIECUT Challenge V2 Year of construction 2007 Travels (X/Y/Z): 350 x 250 x 256 mm Travels (U/V): +/- 70 mm Maximum taper: 30° at 100 mm Maximum workpiece dimensions (length/width/height): 750 x 550 x 250 mm Maximum workpiece weight (with/without bath): 200/450 kg Best achievable surface: 0.2 µm Ra Kdedpfjwqcm Ujx Ai Rsr Available wire diameters 0.10 - 0.33 mm Incl. AGIE universal clamping frame Incl. AGIE JOGGER handbox Incl. console with USB connection The machine will be cleaned, overhauled and tested by us upon receipt of order. We are also happy to offer commissioning and training.

Year of construction: 2005, condition: refurbished (used), AGIECUT Progress 3 Year of manufacture: 2005 Travel ranges: X = 500 mm, Y = 350 mm, Z = 426 mm Travel ranges U/V axis: +/- 70 mm Maximum taper: 30° at 100 mm height Maximum workpiece dimensions: 1050 x 650 x 420 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 400 (in the bath) / 800 (without the bath) kg Achievable surface quality: Ra: 0.30 µm Maximum cutting speed: 500 mm²/min Glass scales on the X and Y axes for increased precision Available wire diameters: 0.20 – 0.33 mm Wire EDM machine with automatic wire threading and re-threading after wire breakage Maximum threadable height: 420 mm With manual front door (accessible from one side) Kdsdpsgzv Scjfx Ai Rjr Includes AGIEJOGGER handheld control box for convenient setup AGIE IPG high-performance generator AGIEVISION control system Dimensions (length x width x height): 1940 x 2300 x 2600 mm Net weight: 3460 kg The machine will be completely overhauled and thoroughly tested by us. You will receive a 6-month warranty on the machine. We would also be happy to offer you commissioning and training.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1980, Travel X/Y/Z 350/250/300 mm, table size 480x360 mm, table - quill 450 mm, max. power 40 A; 4,8 kw; DRO Heidenhain, wire control system 3R, working hours 21383 h Kedpfx Ajiv H Egji Rsdr

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1997, High-speed EDM drilling machine, KOTON Type: EDM-KTH-202A.. Kodpfx Aijwmn Szs Redr In good condition with cooling and filter unit. Machine documentation available. See data sheet for specifications.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2024, operating hours: 142 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 395.900.219.1428, travel distance X-axis: 600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 400 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 1,000 kg, total height: 2,858 mm, total width: 1,600 mm, total length: 2,845 mm, table width: 800 mm, table length: 400 mm, workpiece length (max.): 1,000 mm, workpiece height (max.): 400 mm, input voltage: 400 V, overall weight: 4,050 kg, year of last overhaul: 2026, Equipment: documentation/manual, For sale: AGIE CHARMILLES FORM E 600 EDM sinker machine (2024) We offer an AGIE CHARMILLES FORM E 600 EDM sinker machine from 2024, in very good technical and visual condition. Machine specifications: Manufacturer: AGIE CHARMILLES Model: FORM E 600 Year of manufacture: 2024 Type: EDM (electro-discharge machining) sinker machine Kedjzclpnepfx Ai Redr Equipment: FORM E 600 sinker EDM center - System 3R Macro electrode holder - Automatic 6-position electrode changer - High-speed C-axis - Heat exchanger - EMC/CE compliant version - Set of reference balls - Chiller - SPD surge protection system - System 3R 3R-656.21-SP03 measuring probe with a Ø 3 mm measuring ball - System 3R-628.31-S starter kit - Set of transport locks The machine is ready for operation and is an excellent solution for demanding applications in electro-discharge machining. We provide assistance with machine loading. If you have any questions or would like to obtain additional information, please contact us by phone or email.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1995, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 400 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 500 kg, workpiece length (max.): 800 mm, workpiece height (max.): 500 mm, feed length X-axis: 600 mm, feed length Y-axis: 400 mm, feed length Z-axis: 400 mm, tank capacity: 500 l, space requirement width: 3,000 mm, space requirement length: 3,000 mm, The machine is used daily and provides accurate and precise results. All machining operations can be programmed via the control unit, and the automatic electrode change can also be programmed. It includes an EROWA chuck and probe, along with numerous accessories and clamping devices. We can assist with loading the machine onto the transport vehicle using our own crane. Kdsdpfxozc E Dxo Ai Rjr

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, operating hours: 18,950 h, travel distance X-axis: 350 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 220 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 220 mm, Wire Diameter 0,1-0,3 mm Automatik Threading Ksdpfxjwzyvhe Ai Redr Working Hours 18950 Std Verfahrwege X 350 mm Y 220 mm Z 220 mm U 350 mm V 220 mm Year 2005

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 5,900 h, travel distance X-axis: 350 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 220 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 220 mm, Wire Diameter 0,1-0,3 mm Automatik Threading Working Hours 5900 Std Ksdowzyr Aspfx Ai Rsdr Verfahrwege X 350 mm Y 220 mm Z 220 mm U 350 mm V 220 mm Year 2008

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1999, functionality: fully functional, workpiece weight (max.): 70 kg, wire diameter (max.): 10 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input frequency: 50 Hz, Equipment: cooling unit, OMEGA CM43 Submerged EDM wire The OMEGA CM43 submerged EDM is still connected and working perfectly. This machine achieves the highest precision and is an ideal choice for smaller workshops. Working area (mm) 500 x 350 x 300 Electrode size (mm) 100 x 100 x 100 Capacity (kg) 70 Electrode mass (kg) 10 Axis travel: X430, Y320 mm dieletric tank: T4 model Ksdowr Utijpfx Ai Rodr power supply: 50A Omega Pulse If you need more information. We are here to help! Please contact us using the contact form or give us a call Your ad has been automatically translated. Translation errors are possible.

Condition: not inspected (used), Year of construction: 1989, travel distance X-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 300 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 250 mm, Manufacturer: Hitachi Seiko Ltd., Japan Type: H-DS02N Kdsdsy D Nccepfx Ai Rsr Year of manufacture: 1989 X-axis: approx. 200–400 mm Y-axis: approx. 150–300 mm Z-axis: approx. 150–250 mm Table size: ~300×200 – 500×300 mm Max. workpiece weight: 200–500 kg Type: transistor EDM generator Max. current: ~30–100 A Pulse control: analog / early digital Achievable surface finish: Ra ~0.8–3 µm Operationality uncertain