Used Three-Roll Mill for sale (22,498)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 2,802 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 12230000107, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 650 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 650 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 560 mm, controller model: Siemens 840D sl, laser power: 100 W, Highly accurate 5-axis milling, laser texturing, and laser paint removal on a precision machine! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel range X-axis: 650 mm Travel range Y-axis: 650 mm Travel range Z-axis: 560 mm Main spindle speed range: 20 - 10,000 rpm Main spindle drive power: 13 / 9 kW Torque: max. 83 / 57 Nm Tool holder: HSK A63 according to DIN 69893 Table clamping surface: 800 x 650 mm Table load capacity: max. 600 kg Swivel range B-axis: ± 120° Rotational range C-axis: 360° T-slots: 9 x 14 x 63 mm Workpiece dimensions: max. 650 (840) x 500 mm Nwjdpezcxwrjfx Aa Ieh Number of tool positions: 30 Tool weight: max. 6 kg Tool diameter: max. 80 mm Tool diameter with free neighboring pocket: max. 160 mm Tool length: max. 315 mm Tool change time (tool to tool): 1.6 s Tool change time (chip to chip): 8.0 s Rapid traverse: 40 m/min Feed force: 7 / 13 / 10 kN Feed rate: 1 - 40,000 mm/min MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Siemens 840D sl Axes: 5 Total power consumption: 24 kVA Dimensions & Weight Footprint: approx. 4.5 x 3.5 x 2.3 m Machine weight: approx. 11.5 t Operating hours milling machine Spindle hours (according to counter): 4,738 h Power-on hours (according to counter): 18,703 h Operating hours laser Spindle hours (according to counter): 2,802 h Power-on hours (according to counter): 6,177 h EQUIPMENT Swiveling rotary table Laser head 100 W Coolant system Electronic handwheel Documentation

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, operating hours: 10,197 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 1,300 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 710 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 710 mm, controller model: Fanuc 18i-MB, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Number of axes: 4 Travel in X-axis: 1,300 mm Njdpfezdfgpex Aa Iowh Travel in Y-axis: 710 mm Travel in Z-axis: 710 mm B-axis rotation: 360° Table length: 1,500 mm Table width: 660 mm Tool holder: ISO40 Max. spindle speed: 10,000 rpm MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Fanuc 18i-MB Power: 38.4 kW Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 4,300 x 3,250 x 3,080 mm Shipping weight: 7,000 kg Shipping packages: 4 Operating hours: 10,197 h EQUIPMENT External coolant system Chip conveyor Tool magazine with 32 positions CE marking

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, operating hours: 60,683 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 1,524 mm, turning diameter: 820 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,300 rpm, rapid traverse X-axis: 40 m/min, milling spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, The following work was carried out on the machine: Repair/overhaul of the gearbox of the B-axis (2025) Complete maintenance (2025) Motor magazine renewed (2025) Replacement of the linear guides of the X and Y axes (2024) Renewal of the ball screws of the X and Y axes (2024) Repair of the milling spindle (2024) Including approximately 120 tools, SK 50 TECHNICAL DETAILS Turning length: 1,524 mm Turning diameter: 820 mm Travel range, X-axis: 870 mm Travel range, Y-axis: 500 mm Travel range, Z-axis: 1,598 mm Main spindle Spindle speed (max.): 3,300 rpm Drive power of main spindle: 30 kW / 22 kW Max. torque of main spindle: 588 Nm Spindle nose of main spindle: A2-11" Spindle bore: 104 mm Indexing: 0.0001 Counter spindle Spindle speed (max.): 3,300 rpm Drive power of counter spindle: 30 kW / 22 kW Max. torque of counter spindle: 588 Nm Spindle nose of counter spindle: A2-11" Indexing: 0.0001 Milling spindle Drive power of milling spindle: 37 kW Max. torque of milling spindle: 260 Nm Milling spindle speed range: 0-10,000 rpm Rapid traverse, X-axis: 40 m/min Rapid traverse, Y-axis: 40 m/min Rapid traverse, Z-axis: 40 m/min Njdezcwylspfx Aa Ijwh MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Mazatrol 640M PRO Tool holder: SK50 Number of tool positions: 120 Operating voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz Connected load: 104 kVA Required installation area (L x W): 7 x 3.5 m Operating hours: 60,683 h EQUIPMENT Approx. 120 tools, SK 50 Variable speed adjustment Tool magazine, 120 positions High-pressure coolant, 70 bar Renishaw probe (new in 2025) Laser measuring system for rotating tools Interface set Air/water cooling through the spindle Overload monitoring system Chip conveyor, Mayfran Consep 2000 Quick-change tool holder, SMW

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 37,000 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 5,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,750 mm, spindle speed (max.): 20,000 rpm, controller model: Heidenhain iTNC 530, The previous owner of the machine was a well-established Formula 1 team from Central Europe! The milling head has been recently inspected by the machine manufacturer, is partially overhauled, and is fully functional. The machine has always been covered by a maintenance contract with the manufacturer. Nodpfx Aaszcqnce Iewh TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel range X-axis: 5,000 mm Travel range Y-axis: 3,000 mm Travel range Z-axis: 1,750 mm Feed rate X-axis: 65 m/min Feed rate Y-axis: 65 m/min Feed rate Z-axis: 65 m/min Spindle speed max.: 20,000 rpm Axis acceleration: 5 m/s² Torque max.: 63 Nm Holding torque (clamped) A & C axis: 2,000 Nm Tool interface: HSK 63A MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Heidenhain iTNC 530 Handwheel: HR420 Spindle hours: approx. 37,000 h Power-on hours: approx. 83,000 h Spindle power: 20 kW Power consumption: 130 kW Voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50 Hz Dimensions & Weight Footprint without peripherals (L x W x H): 7,500 x 8,500 x 6,600 mm Total weight: 90,000 kg EQUIPMENT 2-axis swivel milling head 5 Speed infinitely adjustable Minimum quantity lubrication 50-position tool changer Work area cover Note: The machine table is not included in the scope of supply, and the drive cables for the X, Y, and Z motors need to be replaced due to their age. Currently, the machine is disassembled and stored. However, an inspection is still possible at any time by arrangement.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, turning diameter: 460 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,500 rpm, spindle bore: 86 mm, bar passage: 78 mm, controller model: Fanuc 32iTB iHMI, center width: 689 mm, CMZ turning and milling center including GL20II gantry loader! TECHNICAL DETAILS Turning diameter over bed: 760 mm Turning diameter over cross slide: 600 mm Maximum turning diameter: 460 mm Distance between centers: 689 mm Nwsdpfx Aozdrzxea Ioh Travel distance tailstock: 640 mm Travel distance X-axis: 310 mm Travel distance Z-axis: 640 mm Travel distance Y-axis: +70/-50 mm Travel distance B-axis: 640 mm Rapid traverse rates: 30/30/15/30 m/min Spindle speed max.: 3,500 rpm ASA 8" A2 Spindle bearing outer diameter: 200 mm Spindle bearing inner diameter: 130 mm Spindle bore: 86 mm Bar passage: 78 mm Number of tool stations: 12, all driven, 12,000 rpm Tool holder: 25x25 (50) MACHINE DETAILS Operating hours: 43,712 h Total operating hours: approx. 35,000 h Control system: Fanuc 32iTB iHMI Dimensions & Weight Machine dimensions (L x W x H): 2,542 x 1,760 x 1,880 mm Machine weight: 6,500 kg EQUIPMENT Gantry loader

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 1,250 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,100 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 950 mm, table load: 3,000 kg, spindle diameter: 100 mm, table length: 1,200 mm, table width: 1,000 mm, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Spindle diameter: 100 mm Spindle taper: ISO 50 Travel X-axis: 1,250 mm Travel Y-axis: 1,100 mm Travel Z-axis: 950 mm Travel W-axis: 630 mm Table size: 1,120 x 1,000 mm Table load capacity: 3,000 kg Nwsdpfx Aszd Avysa Ioh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1994, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 05 17 1994, travel distance X-axis: 2,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 2,000 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,250 mm, controller model: Heidenhain TNC 415, swivel angle B-axis (max.): 360 °, The machine will be dismantled in calendar week 27/28! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel range X-axis: 2,000 mm Travel range Y-axis: 2,000 mm Travel range Z-axis: 1,250 mm Nwsdpezha Inofx Aa Ieh B-axis: 360° Table size: 1,600 x 1,800 mm MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Heidenhain TNC 415 Tool holder: SK 50 ATC: 60 Note: Angles are not included in the scope of delivery.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1999, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 7853, travel distance X-axis: 4,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,200 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 2,000 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,000 rpm, controller model: Heidenhain TNC 426 C, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Loading can be carried out by the seller for €750! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel in X-axis: 4,000 mm Travel in Y-axis: 1,200 mm Travel in Z-axis: 2,000 mm Spindle type: ISO 50 Spindle power: 50 kW Spindle speed: up to 3,000 rpm Nwedpfezdtxfex Aa Ish Table length: 5,000 mm Tool changer: 30-position ATC MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Heidenhain TNC 426 C Headstock Swiveling: Automatic Increment: 1 degree / 2.5 degrees / stepless Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 9,000 mm x 5,000 mm x 5,000 mm Weight: 35,000 kg EQUIPMENT Hydrostatic guideways in all axes Tool holders Coolant preparation/filtration system Chip conveyor Cooling system, manufacturer: Deerosdassi Control cabinet system Note: The machine has already been professionally disassembled and is in storage.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1984, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 1,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,000 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,000 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,000 rpm, controller model: DIXI CNC 4400, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel range, X-axis: 1,000 mm Travel range, Y-axis: 1,000 mm Travel range, Z-axis: 1,000 mm Vertical movement with pallet changer (Y-axis): 880 mm Distance from spindle axis to top of table: 0 – 1,000 mm Distance from spindle axis to top of table with changer: 0 – 880 mm Table dimensions without changer: 840 x 1,000 mm Table dimensions with standard changer: 800 x 800 mm Max. table load: 2,000 kg Max. table load with pallet changer: 1,200 kg Nsdpfx Aaezd Rizj Iewh Table rotation: 360° continuous Rapid traverse: 1,500°/min T-slots: 7 equally spaced slots, width 18 H7 Tool interface: ISO 50 Spindle speeds: 8 – 3,000 rpm (in 3 ranges) Drive power: 11 kW Drive power with overload: 13.75 kW Max. torque: 200 kpm Working feed rates (X, Y, Z): 1 – 9,999 mm/min Rapid traverse (X, Y, Z): 9,999 mm/min Measuring system resolution: +/- 0.001 mm / 0.001° Positioning accuracy: 0.001 mm / 0.001° Distance from table axis to spindle flange: 390 mm to 1,390 mm MACHINE DETAILS Control system: DIXI CNC 4400 Installed total power: 47 kW Compressed air requirement: 6 kg/cm² Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 4,835 x 4,160 x 3,190 mm Machine weight: approx. 17 t Compressed air requirement: 6 kg/cm²

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2022, Swiss CNC Chucker-Convertible Sliding Headstock Lathe W/ "B" Axis Njdpfsyq S Utsx Aa Iowh

Year of construction: 2010, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: S/N69515, Sheet Wizard 1650 (4 roll stand) The SheetWizard 1650 dual rotary sheeter is engineered to accommodate a variety of application requirements. This versatile and standardized sheeter features dual rotary knife technology, providing exceptional cut quality for materials up to 1000 gsm. The machine is capable of operating at a maximum speed of 335 meters per minute (1100 feet per minute). Nedpsy Uffbofx Aa Iswh Unwind System Four shaftless floor pickup unwinds are designed to handle rolls with a diameter of up to 73 inches. The system supports core sizes ranging from 3 inches up to 12 inches, ensuring flexibility for different roll specifications. Decurling and Tension Control Each unwind is equipped with overhead decurler and tension controls, maintaining optimal sheet flatness and consistent tension throughout the process. Alignment and Splice Management The machine incorporates FIFE alignment technology and a splice sensor detector, which automatically discards joined sections to ensure product integrity and continuous operation. Slitting Capabilities The SheetWizard includes a single set of three slitters, capable of cutting up to 600 grams. This arrangement allows for efficient slitting and high throughput.

Year of construction: 1998, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: ExCello Serial Number 3888, MICHIGAN Rotoflo Type 3237 Cold Forming Machine. Original Serial Number: 4590 ExCello Serial Number 3888 New 1975 rebuilt by ExCello late 1990’s Country of Origin: USA For the coldforming of profiles for serrations (straight or angular), spiral teeth, oil grooves, threads and knurls. Capacity: Maximum slide stroke 1065 mm Maximum rack length 915 mm Maximum profile diameter 50 mm Maximum profile length 125 mm Standard module range 0.3 to 1.25 Motor size 15 kW Hydraulic tank capacity 1000 l Overall floorspace width of machine 5014 mm Width of machine 2768 mm Depth with outboard support 4165 mm Nodsfnk Ehjpfx Aa Iewh Height 2000 mm Approximate weight of machine 11,700 kgs Complete with: Hydraulically operated outer support assembly to accommodate part length universal headstock, Universal rack holding feature.

Year of construction: 1983, condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 3604.1, Clamping surface for workpiece device: 230 x 500 mm Installation height between table and punch holder adjustable: 160 - 400 mm Projection to the center of the punch: 130 mm Stamp working stroke: 40 - 250 mm Punch pressing force max .: 40 kN Stamp speed: 7.5 m / min max.working stroke: 2300 / h electr. Connection: 380 V, 1 kW Nwjdpfjcxb Nmox Aa Ioh Weight approx .: 620 kg Required space: 1030 x 850 x 2060 mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1971, hobbing length 1750 mm milling width 260 mm max. module 10 table size incl. water gutter 460 x 2100 mm table clamping surface: 250 x 1850 mm cutter width - max. 100 mm feed of the milling slide, stepless 0 - 500 mm/min. rapid traverse feeds 3000 mm/min milling head -swivable +/- 30 ° Rotation speed range of milling head, in 9 steps 29 - 178 rpm Milling head swivable 2 sides helical gearcutting 30 ° total power requirement 4 kW Nedpfxey Ayrre Aa Iewh weight of the machine ca. 4 t dimensions of the machine ca. 4 x 1,85 x 1,85 m Milling length 1750 mm Milling width 260 mm Module - max. 10 Table dimensions incl. water channel 460 x 2100 mm Table clamping surface: 250 x 1850 mm Milling cutter width - max. 100 mm Feed of the milling carriage, infinitely variable 0 - 500 mm/min. Rapid traverse 3000 mm/min Milling head - tiltable + / - 30 ° Speed range of the milling spindle, in 9 steps 29 - 178 rpm Milling head swivels on both sides for helical gearing 30 ° Machine weight approx. 4 t Space requirement approx. 4 x 1.85 x 1.85 m Equipment/accessories - 7 vices - change wheels - Clamping devices - documentation

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1988, x-travel 870 mm y-travel 370 mm Nwodpjxlkw Usfx Aa Ijh z-travel 400 mm table-size 310 x 1370 mm distance vertical spindle / table 50 - 450 mm feed - longitudinal/cross 20 - 800 mm/min 9 - 355 mm/min rapid traverse longitudinal and cross 3000 / 1375 mm/min spindle taper SK 50 spindle turning speed range 40 - 1750 U/min spindle speed: 12 Stück total power requirement 5,5 kW weight of the machine ca. 2,4 t dimensions of the machine ca. 1,9 x 2,0 x 1,5 m - Powerful CNC universal milling machine - Includes Fanuc control system - Kneading milling head - Automatic feeds on X/Z/Y axes - Central lubrication system - Coolant system - Pivoting machine light - Splash guard tray - Separate transformer

Condition: used, Gebr. Thiel Duplex 159 Universal Milling Machine with DRO High quality German-built Gebr. Thiel Duplex 159 universal milling machine in good used industrial condition. Precision toolroom machine fitted with Newall digital readout (DRO), swivel vice and universal milling head. Well regarded for accuracy, rigidity and versatility, these machines are ideal for toolrooms, precision engineering, prototyping, maintenance workshops and general machining applications. Machine Details: Manufacturer: Gebr. Thiel GmbH Model: Duplex 159 Universal milling machine 380V 3 phase Newall DRO fitted Swivel machine vice included Universal adjustable milling head Horizontal and vertical milling capability Coolant tray and lubrication system Features: Precision table feeds Heavy cast iron construction Fine feed controls Toolroom quality machine Ideal for precision engineering work Condition: Good used workshop condition with normal cosmetic wear for age. Machine is complete and operational. A highly sought after universal milling machine with excellent build quality. Loading available on site. Transport can be arranged. Viewing welcome. Nwjdpfx Aey R D E Esa Ieh Open to sensible offers.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2024, XYZ RMX4000 Bed Mill with Prototrak RMX Control, Programmable Variable Speed Head, Table Size 1474 x 355mm, Spindle Speeds 40-5000rpm, Power Drawbar. Serial No. RM410077 (2024) Location: These lots are located in Rhayader, Wales, UK. Unfortunately, there are no loading facilities on-site, dismantling and loading will be at the cost of the purchaser. All/Any tooling is being offered as specifically described. Nedpfxozgdwdo Aa Iswh

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2011, Maximum machining diameter 42mm, maximum machining length 175mm, spindle power 7.5/5.5Kw , spindle speed 5,000rpm, 8 station turret, Njdpfx Aozg Egmsa Iewh milling speed 5,000rpm, Fanuc OI-TD control, 3 jaw chuck, parts catcher.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, Swing 806mm, Swing over cross slide 527mm, maximum cutting diameter 457mm, 762mm between centres, 584mm maximum cutting length, 0.01 degree C axis, 3000rpm Milling 3.7kW, +/- 50mm Y axis, 76mm Bar capacity, 22.4kW Spindle Motor, Nwodpfx Aszg Efija Ieh 3400rpm spindle, 24m/minute rapid feedrate, 24 Station turret, swarf conveyor, tailstock, tool setter, coolant,

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2012, 300mm max cutting diameter, 510mm mm max turned length, 51mm bar capacity, 11kW motor, Spindle speed 6,000 rpm, milling speed 6,000 rpm, sub-spindle speed 6,000rpm, C axis 0.001 degrees, Fanuc oi-Series Control, Nodpfx Aszg Eb Dea Ijwh 3 Jaw Chuck, Tool setter, 12 Station turret, parts catcher, parts conveyor

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2020, 2020 Vulcan TC250M CNC Turn/Mill Slant Bed Lathe With Fanuc Series Oi-TF Plus Control Nwjdpfozfqflsx Aa Ioh Auto Strong N-210 Ø250mm 3 Jaw Power Chucks. Swing Over Bed Ø600mm. Maximum Turning Ø316mm. Working Length 435mm. Spindle Bore Ø77mm. Bar Capacity Ø65mm. Axis Travel 'X'=185mm, 'Z'=490mm. Rapid Traverse 'X'=30m/min, 'Z'=30m/min. Cutting Feed Rate 0.001-500mm/rev. Speed Range 25-3,000rpm (11/15kW Motor). Spindle Nose A2-6. Driven Tool Speed Range 25-4,000rpm. Sauter 12 Position Turret, Turning Tool Shank 25 x 25mm. Internal Turning Tool Shank Ø40mm. Tailstock Travel 380mm, Quill Ø75mm, Quill Stroke 85mm, MT4 Taper. Run Hours 2,139. S/No. 25S1001 (2020). NOTE: This item will be loaded to buyer's vehicle, a loading charge of £250 + VAT will be added to the buyer's invoice. With Coolant System (190L Tank), Chip Conveyor, Filtermist S800 Mist Extraction Unit, Programmable Tailstock, Parts Catcher, Tool Setting Arm, Quantity Of Assorted Driven Tool Unit, Turning Tool Holders, Foot Switch, Signal Tower & Manuals. Overall Dimensions L3,160 x W1,805 x H1,935mm. Approx Weight 5,000kg. NOTE: This item will be loaded to buyer's vehicle, a loading charge of £250 + VAT will be added to the buyer's invoice.

Condition: good (used), Circular platform for horizontal and vertical mounting. Nedpszhf Adjfx Aa Iowh Diameter: 400 mm.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2017, Sahinler 4R HSS 20-280 Hydraulic 4-roll plate bending machine – Year 2017. Bending length 2050 mm Max. bending capacity - mild steel 20. Upper roll diameter 280 mm Lower roll diameter 280 mm Lateral roll diameter 220 mm Nwedpfxoxau D Is Aa Ijh Bending speed 1,5 / 5 m/min. Motor power 16 kW

Year of construction: 2010, condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Elumatec SBZ 130 CNC-controlled milling machine, 7,000 mm version 8 clamps Njdpfxeyr Rube Aa Iewh Tool changer with 8 positions on the milling head

Year of construction: 2009, condition: excellent (used), Elumatec SBZ 140, extended version: 7.6 meters Weight approximately 5000 kg Automatic tool changer 2-section clamping system 2 pneumatic stops Safety guard Light curtains Automatic clamping detection Central lubrication Coolant spray system Chip trolley Conditioning unit Max. spindle speed: 24,000 rpm Tool holder: HSK-63F, 8-position tool changer. Max. milling diameter: 80 mm Nwedjzhg S Tepfx Aa Ijh Max. sawing diameter: 200 mm Compressed air: 7 bar The SBZ 140 is a 4-axis profile machining center (axes: X, Y, Z + A). It is designed for aluminum and thin-walled steel profiles. 4-axis CNC machining center (X/Y/Z + tilting/rotating axis A) X-axis: approx. 7900 mm travel Y-axis: approx. 850 mm travel Z-axis: approx. 650 mm travel A-axis (rotation/tilting): Freely programmable angle, -90° to +90° Axis travel speed: X-axis up to approx. 65 m/min, Y- and Z-axis up to approx. 60 m/min (in many configurations) Control: 4-axis CNC system, with PC control, color screen, USB & network. Software: eluCam. Automatic material clamping, automatic positioning via indexing pins Pendulum/shuttle operation (two work zones), which improves production cycle time. In addition to milling and drilling, it can also tap, saw, and perform profile machining – all with stationary clamped profiles. Please note: The information on this page has been obtained and compiled in good faith, but accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Accordingly, it does not constitute a representation or contract, and we recommend that you verify all relevant details. Financial information VAT/margin: VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT (VAT is reclaimable for businesses).