Used Gau-Jing Gl-930D-Ce for sale (11,450)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, pressure 100 t distance between columns 1525 mm stroke 450 mm Nodjvuufxjpfx Ag Djwf distance table/ram, max. stroke up, adjustment up 850 mm table surface area 1500 x 1150 mm pressure of drawing cushion in table 30 t stroke of drawing cushion in table 150 mm table height over floor 940 mm side window 480 mm ram surface 1500 x 1150 mm oil volume 1200 l weight 25,0 t dimensions (WxDxH) 4,2 x 1,75 x 5,1 m light guard Sick permitted for manual put-in according to the CE Regulations with oil-hydraulic drive, hydraulic drawing cushion / ejector in table, hydraulic ejector in ram, hydraulic cutting impact cushioning, mechanical depth stop No foundation pit necessary 2025 - in progress: new electrical (safety) control - Siemens S7-1500 F, easy operation via touch-panel Video at seller's site before dismantling available

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 6,000 h, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: semi-automatic, controller manufacturer: Siemens, laser type: fiber laser, laser source manufacturer: Bodor, laser hours: 2,000 h, laser power: 12,000 W, sheet thickness (max.): 35 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 35 mm, sheet thickness stainless steel (max.): 25 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 15 mm, sheet thickness brass (max.): 15 mm, sheet thickness copper (max.): 15 mm, table length: 3,000 mm, table width: 1,500 mm, power: 12 kW (16.32 HP), input voltage: 380 V, input current: 130 A, type of input current: three-phase, type of cooling: water, total length: 7,000 mm, total width: 2,500 mm, total height: 2,500 mm, year of last overhaul: 2025, Equipment: CE marking, centralized greasing system, cooling unit, documentation/manual, dust extraction, emergency stop, fume extraction, safety light barrier, For sale is a Bodor P3 12kW fiber laser cutting machine in excellent condition. The machine is being sold due to a recent upgrade. The system features a laser power of 12,000 watts and a table size of 3000 × 1500 mm. Year of manufacture is 09/2022. This machine is ideally suited for precise and rapid sheet metal processing in industrial applications. The Bodor P-Series stands out for its high dynamics and speed, with traverse speeds of up to 200 m/min and acceleration up to 1.8G, enabling efficient production workflows. It also offers high positioning accuracy of around ±0.05 mm. Typical cutting capacities (depending on material and parameters) are: Mild steel up to approx. 25–35 mm Stainless steel up to approx. 15–25 mm Nwodpfx Aoyr Ddceg Dof Aluminum up to approx. 12–15 mm Key technical data (extract): • Laser power: 12 kW fiber laser • Working area / table size: 3000 × 1500 mm • Max. traverse speed: up to 200 m/min • Positioning accuracy: ±0.05 mm • Max. table load: approx. 1,200–1,450 kg • CNC control with touchscreen and nesting software The machine can be inspected and demonstrated by appointment. For questions or if you are interested, please feel free to contact us.

Condition: good (used), Code: 0328 Brand: ITALPRESSE Model: GL / 14,5 - 50 - 420 T - CE Standard Hydraulic press for composite materials and solid surfaces, moulds and decorative panels, suitable for use in the aerospace, aviation, woodworking, furniture, interior design, automotive, shipbuilding, construction, energy, defence, sports and public transport sectors, and various – CE Standard – Year 2005 Nodpfx Aoyuyl Ieg Dswf Technical data: N°5 solid steel plates 1450 x 500 mm N° 3 pistons Diathermic oil heating Total thrust 420 tonnes Working diagram - see enclosed diagram Max power 9,3 Kw Full-load current 19 A The oil tank is located on top of the press and is fitted with a sight glass for checking the oil level Fluid (oil) temperature controller Two-hand control for closing the press Photocell safety barriers Fixed safety guards

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 230 h, functionality: fully functional, measuring range X-axis: 300 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 200 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 150 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 20 kg, total height: 890 mm, total width: 986 mm, total length: 705 mm, overall weight: 170 kg, input voltage: 230 V, Equipment: documentation/manual, lighting, type plate available, SPECIAL OFFER with optional full service (delivery, commissioning) Technical data of the HEXAGON OPTIV CLASSIC 321 GL tp measuring machine Year of manufacture: 2015 Maximum traverse speed in X, Y, Z axes: 160 mm/s Maximum workpiece weight: 20 kg Measuring resolution: 0.05 µm Measuring accuracy in X, Y axes (optical sensor): Ex, Ey = (1.6 + L/250) µm Measuring accuracy in XY axes (optical sensor): Exy = (2.0 + L/250) µm Measuring accuracy in Z axis (optical sensor): Exy = (3.9 + L/200) µm Measuring accuracy in X, Y axes (touch-trigger probe): Ex, Ey = (2.0 + L/250) µm Measuring accuracy in XY axes (touch-trigger probe): Exy = (2.5 + L/250) µm Nwjdpexfzzqofx Ag Djf Measuring accuracy in Z axis (touch-trigger probe): Ez = (2.9 + L/200) µm Measuring volume (optical sensor): X 300 mm / Y 200 mm / Z 150 mm Measuring volume (tactile sensor): X 230 mm / Y 200 mm / Z 150 mm Dimensions (L x W x H): 705 x 986 x 890 mm Machine weight: 170 kg Equipment of the measuring machine: • 3-axis microprocessor CNC with vector path control • Metrology software: PC-DMIS Vision • Vision sensor for non-contact measurement of the smallest and most precise components • CCD camera with 6.5x motorized CNC zoom • DC servomotors • TESA probe system (1 body and 1 module) • Modular probe changer: TESASTAR with 4 slots and 4 modules • Linear guides on all axes • Coaxial LED top light (white LED) • LED backlight (green LED + diffuser) • Multi-segment LED ring light • Evaluation computer from Dell included Optional services: Delivery (surcharge) Commissioning (surcharge)

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Cutting machine, stack cutter Polar - Mohr CE 92 Cutting width: 92 cm Programmable cutting Two-hand operation / dead man's switch Fully operational with three spare knives. Weight approx. 2.5 t Nwjdpfxjyr Itno Ag Dsf Manual available Additional cutting sticks included Year of manufacture probably after 1972 Can also cut plastics Machine can be inspected under power

Year of construction: 2005, condition: used, used, excellent condition, little used Manufacturer: Atlas Copco Type: FD 10 CE Year of manufacture: 2005 Machine No.: CAQ179997 CE type-tested Motor: 0.27 kW Volumetric flow: 10 l/s Operating pressure: 14.5 bar New price approx. 2,200 EUR Required space approx. 550 x 600 x 600 mm Weight approx. 27 kg Nedpfx Asythc Esg Djwf Stock location: 97447 Gerolzhofen, free loaded, unpacked Handed over in current condition as inspected, without guarantee or warranty

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, KEYENCE CORP GL-R103F-T + GL-R103F-T . Items sold in pair. Price is for pair. Model #: GL-R103F-T + GL-R103F-T More Information: Safety Light Curtain Supply: 24VDC Nsdpfx Ageyu S Smo Dswf Detection Height: 1020mm Detection Distance: 0.2m - 10m Detection Capability: 14mm Diameter Output: PNP/NPN 500mA Connection: 12-Pin

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, KEYENCE CORP GL-R24H-T + GL-R24H-R. Items sold in pair. Price is for pair. Nwedpfxsyu S Nrs Ag Djf Model #: GL-R24H-T + GL-R24H-R More Information: Safety Light Curtain Supply: 24VDC 24x Optical Axes Detection Height: 460mm Detection Distance: 0.2m - 15m Detection Capability: 25mm Diameter Output: PNP/NPN 500mA Connection: 12-Pin

Year of construction: 2002, condition: ready for operation (used), screw diameter: 120 mm, This Husky GL 300PET P100/110 E12O was manufactured in 2002. It features a distance between tie bars of 720 × 720 mm, a maximum mold stroke of 700 mm, and a screw diameter of 120 mm. The machine offers a screw L/D ratio of 25.0:1 and an injection pressure of 1172 bar. If you are looking to get high quality molding capabilities consider the Husky GL 300PET P100/110 E12O machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. • Distance between tie bars: 720 × 720 mm • Maximum mold stroke: 700 mm • Mold shut height: 450–900 mm • Maximum hydraulic ejector stroke: 225 mm • Screw stroke: 400 mm • Screw L/D ratio: 25:1 • Maximum screw speed: 60 rpm Nwjdpfx Agox D Rcns Dsf • Shooting pot stroke: 340 mm • Shooting pot diameter: 110 mm • Melt channel diameter: 32 mm

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2015, spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 243 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 50 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 740 mm, overall weight: 9,600 kg, controller manufacturer: FANUC, controller model: 0i-TD, workpiece diameter (max.): 350 mm, swivel angle B-axis (max.): 830 °, This 4-axis Romi GL 350B was manufactured in 2015. It features a FANUC 0i-TD control unit, a maximum bar passage of Ø 64 mm, and a spindle speed up to 4,000 rpm. With a tool turret of 12 positions and rapid feeds of 30 m/min in X/Z and 18 m/min in Y, it's ideal for efficient turning operations. Consider the opportunity to buy this Romi GL 350B horizontal turning machine. Contact us for more information about this machine. Machine Benefits Technical Machine Benefits • Max. Bar passage: Ø 64 mm • Tool turret: 12 positions • Tool attachment: bmt-65 • Counterspindle speed: 6–6000 rpm • Spindle nose: a2-8 • Counterspindle nose: a2-5 Nedpjyi Emaefx Ag Djwf Extra Information Machine still under power Dimensions Machine Depth 2080 mm

Condition: like new (used), TREIF DERBY 100 CE Ref. No.: 4089 Automatic dicer Type: TREIF DERBY 100 - CE - 2720 Loading section (LxWxH): 400 x 97 x 97 mm Sickle blade: flat Cutting length: 0.5 – 32 mm Saw blades 1 set 5 x 5 mm Machine dimensions in mm: Width: 850 Length: 1400 Height: 1100 Nwjdpfx Agjyw Ibwe Def Installed power: 1.2 kW Electrical supply: 400 V, 50 Hz Weight: 265 kg

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Manufacturer: SHINI Model: SAL-3U-CE Power: 1.15 kW Equipment: Stainless steel lance with suction hose Two units available Price: 350 EUR per unit Nedpfjyryliox Ag Dowf

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2025, Milling machines Travel distance X: 1000 mm Travel distance Y :550 mm Travel distance Z: 500 mm Number of axis: 3 milling machine / machining center Control: Siemens spindle chuck: SK40 spindle revolutions: 12000 rpm Speed range from: 20 U/min Speed range to: 12000 U/min table size X: 1200 mm table size Y: 550 mm max. workpiece weight: 800 kg tool changer: 24 - time input Power : 15 kW Torque: 95 Nm Nsdpfx Aeyn Ikfeg Dowf Rapid traverse: 36 m/min feed rate: 10000 mm/min spindle cooling chip conveyor control Siemens Vertical CNC machining center (3-axis) Year of manufacture 2025 – like new condition Siemens control system Spindle speed up to 12,000 rpm, SK40 Rigid cast construction for high precision 24-position tool changer High rapid traverse for efficient machining Equipped with spindle cooling and chip conveyor Suitable for toolmaking, mold making, and production Ready for immediate use

Condition: excellent (used), Automatic pallet wrapper Item no. 3822 Manufacturer: Cyclop Model: GL 215 * Turntable positioning by fixed stop * Number of bottom and top wraps adjustable * Turntable diameter: 1650 mm Nodoynbpbepfx Ag Dswf * Max. wrapping height: approx. 2300 mm * Own weight: approx. 500 kg * Suitable for Euro pallets and block pallets!!! * In very good condition

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, pressure 30 t Stroke 190 mm distance between columns 440 mm side window 450 mm daylight (max. stroke up, adjustment up) 350 mm table surface area 595x450 / 440x595 mm table height over floor 725 - 900 mm table adjustment range 175 mm ram surface 90 mm power requirement 0,5 kW Weight 1,20 kg dimensions (WxDxH) 1,5 x 1,0 x 2,9 m SPECIAL DEAL as is where is, WITHOUT additional work free loaded to truck Basic unit power pack K 30.181-190.10 with stroke limitation, anti-rotation protection, universal underframe UUM 1-200.031, adjustable working height Nwedpoyfwvrsfx Ag Dof Total stroke 190 mm / power stroke 10 mm

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2000, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 150602, turning length: 1,190 mm, turning diameter: 320 mm, spindle speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 230 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 440 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis: 230 mm Travel Z-axis: 440 mm Turning diameter: max. 320 mm Turning length: max. 1,190 mm Bar capacity diameter: max. 51 mm Swing diameter: max. 320 mm Spindle nose: A2-6 Draw tube thread: M60 x 2 Main spindle speed: 35–5,000 rpm Driven tool speed: 4,500 rpm Rapid traverse speed: 30.5/33 m/min Nwjdeypdw Djpfx Ag Dsf Turret stations: 24 Tool holder / Turret type: VDI MACHINE DETAILS Electrical and Safety Voltage: 400 V Protection class: 1 Connected load: 77.4 kW Footprint & Weight Footprint: 6.5 m² Machine weight: 7,900 kg EQUIPMENT Portal loader GL 100 F

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, laser type: fiber laser, Equipment: CE marking, centralized greasing system, cooling unit, documentation/manual, dust extraction, emergency stop, fume extraction, nozzle changer, safety light barrier, Laser power: 3KW, 6KW, 12KW Nwodpfxewz Ukyo Ag Djf Standard hardware: waste car, fully automatic butter injection, dual-control workbench, adaptive multi-angle site placement, beam light curtain Optional hardware: fire bricks, high-pressure proportional valve (standard for 6KW and above), safety door lock, Independent laser cabinet, rear exchange table light curtain, rear lifting light barrier, Rear camera, internal camera, monitoring display, radiation-proof glass, upper cover fan, upper cover, partition dust removal

Year of construction: 2022, condition: as good as new (ex-display), Carriage length: 3200 mm Cutting width at the width stop: 1350 mm Cutting width at the crosscut fence: 3200 mm Cutting depth: 170 mm Scorer: yes Saw blade height adjustment: hand wheel Pivot adjustment saw blade: hand wheel Width stop adjustment: manual Display saw blade angle: scale Cutting height display: - Display width stop: Scale Display cutting ruler: Scala Saw blade diameter: 500mm Speeds: 3000 / 4000 / 5000 rpm Engine power: 7 kW Motor brake: yes / automatic Suction connection: 80mm and 120mm Machine length: 3400mm Nodeid Ig Ajpfx Ag Djwf Machine width: 2000mm Weight: 900kg

Year of construction: 2002, condition: ready for operation (used), General Data Machine weight 4300 kg Movement X-Axis Movement 3860 mm Z-Axis Movement 185 mm Y-Axis Movement 1793 mm Main Drive Number of axis 3 Spindle Speed 24000 RPM Spindle motor power 17 kW Njdox D Inzepfx Ag Djwf This 3-axis Weeke CE OPTIMAT BHC VENTURE 3 was manufactured in 2002. It features a powerful 17 kW main motor and a maximum spindle speed of 24,000 rpm. The working field measures 3250 × 1250 × 1215 mm, with a rapid traverse speed of 100/50/20 m/min. Ideal for diverse CNC woodworking tasks, it also requires 7 bar of compressed air and has a dust extraction capacity of 3170 m³/h. Contact us for more information about this machine. Application Types CNC Wood Machining

Condition: reconditioned (used), functionality: fully functional, Sandt 530 CE Bridge Cutting Machine Hydraulic press with a traveling beam (front/rear movement) designed for cutting various materials using a die (leather, foam, cork, etc.). Very fast and powerful – during operation, the machine is fully automatic and does not require supervision (only the tool and the material being cut are of concern). Technical specifications: - Pressing force: 63 tons - Working area: 1200 mm x 650 mm - Maximum stroke: 160 mm Nwodpfsyryzdsx Ag Def - Maximum daylight between beam and table: 190 mm The machine is equipped with a user-friendly touchscreen control panel featuring the following functions: - Tool zero-point detection - Force adjustment - Table height adjustment after cutting - Automatic / manual operation - Machine error diagnostics The machine is in excellent technical condition after a complete overhaul, which included: - Replacement of all seals - Replacement of all bearings and traveling rollers - Comprehensive servicing of the hydraulic and mechanical systems - Complete redesign and installation of the electrical system, including safety barriers, safety relays, and PLC panel - Painting and maintenance Supplied with the machine: Original manufacturer’s documentation, wiring diagram of the new electrical installation, and CE Declaration of Conformity. Price available on request. Assistance with transport arrangements available.

Condition: excellent (used), fuel type: diesel, color: yellow, lifting height: 43,000 mm, mast type: telescopic, Year of construction: 2008, General Information Year of manufacture: 2008 Technical Information Number of cylinders: 6 Drive: Wheeled Unladen weight: 52,605 kg Functional Mast: Telescopic (4 sections) Mast length: 43 m Lifting capacity: 81,646 kg Superstructure brand: GROVE RT890E ROUGH TERRAIN CRANE CE marking: yes Condition Technical condition: very good Nwedpfewud Ibox Ag Def Optical condition: very good

Condition: used, functionality: unexamined, Year of construction: 2015, MAGAZINE LOADER, magazine loading system, magazine loader, shuttle magazine unloader, magazine feeder, magazine unloader, connecting conveyor, magazine loading system for large circuit boards, destacker: YJ LINK ALD-CE SINGLE MAGAZINE LOADER Working height: 950 +/-20 mm Working width: 250 - 510 mm Size: 1400 x 1420 x 1830 mm (WxDxH) (2x) YJ LINK magazine loading system for large circuit boards Size: 1500 x 2850 x 1830 mm (WxDxH) YJ LINK ALD-CE magazine loader This device is located at the beginning of the SMT line. It transfers printed circuit boards (PCBs) stacked in a magazine rack to the downstream machine one at a time using a pneumatic pusher. Touch screen (control panel) Controlled by PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) SMEMA interface YJ LINK AUD-CE Shuttle Magazine Unloader Shuttle Magazine Unloader Located at the end of the SMT line, this device consists of a combination of a single shuttle and a double lifter. It stacks printed circuit boards (PCBs) one at a time into an empty magazine rack using a pneumatic pusher mounted on the single shuttle. LED tower lamp (with buzzer) Touch screen (control panel) Controlled by PLC SMEMA interface Integrated single shuttle conveyor YJ LINK ADL-CE Magazine Feeder The YJ LINK ADL-CE is an automatic magazine feeder used in SMT production lines to efficiently load printed circuit boards (PCBs) into magazines. YJ LINK AMB-CE Magazine Unloader YJ LINK AMB-CE is an automatic magazine unloader used in surface mount technology (SMT) to efficiently unload printed circuit boards (PCBs) from machines and stack them into magazine racks YJ LINK ACC-CE Connecting Conveyor Size: 1500 x 610 x 950mm (WxDxH) Njdpfov Hpblex Ag Dewf YJ LINK AMB-CE Magazine Unloader YJ LINK AMB-CE is an automatic magazine unloader used in surface mount technology (SMT) to efficiently unload printed circuit boards (PCBs) from machines and stack them into magazine racks YJ LINK ADL-R90 Destacker Destacker ￭ LED tower signal light (with buzzer) ￭ Touch screen (operator panel) ￭ Controlled by PLC ￭ SMEMA interface ￭ 40 pcs stacking capacity at 1kg ￭ Safety light barrier on the screw ￭ Automatic width adjustment ￭ Double plate structure Transport height: 950mm ± 20mm Color: EX8816(S)-SR-WH020 (KCC) Conveying direction: Left to right / Right to left Fixed rail: Front / Back PCB edge: 3mm PCB thickness: 1.0mm ~ 2.0mm Conveying speed: 200mm/s Conveyor belt: Antistatic 10¹⁰ ~ 10¹², temperature: 70˚C Air supply: 0.5Mpa (5 bar) Air consumption: 4 ℓ/min Power consumption: 430W Power supply: 230V / 50~60Hz, 1 phase

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, No. 10033 Wet drum magnetic separator Steinert WDS 92 92 (without CE package) Used, year of construction 2015 According to our customer / the previous owner, the machine is fully functional and can be viewed and tested on site Without CE package Highly efficient recovery of FeSi or magnetite from float-sink separation and wet processing of fines The Steinert WDS is particularly popular in the processing of heavy sludge or iron ore with grain sizes between 1 µm and 3 mm. In the regeneration of heavy beet, the wet drum magnetic separator essentially ensures the recovery of magnetite or ferrosilicon (FeSi). High field strengths are achieved through the use of powerful magnets made of neodymium-iron-boron and the special design of the magnet packs, making high separation rates of over 99 % possible. Sale on behalf of customer, ex location near 54634 Bitburg, without dismantling, transport and assembly Dismantling, transport and loading by us optionally possible Subject to errors in the description and price To avoid possible misunderstandings, an on-site inspection is possible and recommended by appointment Sold as is Technical specifications, condition description, year of construction and scope of delivery according to manufacturer's brochure or previous owner, without guarantee Subject to prior sale For used machines, any warranty is excluded, the following applies: “sold as seen” Pictures and videos serve as examples and do not represent the actual scope of delivery Terms of payment: Prices plus VAT, payment before collection or shipment Nwjdpfxjyl Sqwo Ag Djf Terms of delivery: ex location

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 7F001-7, measuring range X-axis: 300 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 200 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 150 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 20 kg, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! According to the manufacturer, the year of manufacture is likely 2015. Nwedpjyl U S Djfx Ag Dsf TECHNICAL DETAILS Measuring range X-axis: 300 mm Measuring range Y-axis: 200 mm Measuring range Z-axis: 150 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 20 kg Measuring resolution: 0.05 µm Maximum traverse speed X, Y, Z-axis: 160 mm/s Measuring accuracy of optical sensor X, Y-axis: Ex, Ey = (1.6 + L/250) µm Measuring accuracy of optical sensor XY-axis: Exy = (2.0 + L/250) µm Measuring accuracy of optical sensor Z-axis: Ez = (3.9 + L/200) µm Measuring accuracy of touch-trigger probe X, Y-axis: Ex, Ey = (2.0 + L/250) µm Measuring accuracy of touch-trigger probe XY-axis: Exy = (2.5 + L/250) µm Measuring accuracy of touch-trigger probe Z-axis: Ez = (2.9 + L/200) µm Measuring volume, optical sensor X: 300 mm Measuring volume, optical sensor Y: 200 mm Measuring volume, optical sensor Z: 150 mm Measuring volume, tactile sensor X: 230 mm Measuring volume, tactile sensor Y: 200 mm Measuring volume, tactile sensor Z: 150 mm MACHINE DETAILS Metrology software: PC-DMIS Vision CCD camera zoom: 6.5x CNC motorized Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): approx. 705 mm x 986 mm x 890 mm Machine weight: approx. 170 kg SCOPE OF DELIVERY PC including PC-DMIS Vision measuring software Documentation / manuals Workpiece clamps / stops for securing the items to be measured Various probes included Probe change rack for storing 4 probes

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, gebraucht 2000 070165A prompt, Zwischenverkauf v Italien 27900 € 1 40 to 2.6 mm 650 mm 380 mm 120 mm 8 - 78 mm 145 1/min 6 60 mm 40 mm 195 mm 297 mm 800 mm 3 kW 1450 mm 1150 mm 2150 mm Nwedpeyrhpvefx Ag Def 2200 kg Two-hand control panel and foot pedal Work area enclosure with safety switch Additional bolster plate Central lubrication system Stroke counter Operating manual with CE declaration of conformity