Used Tosa 120 for sale (8,992)

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 17 kg, 7 units in stock. Various models available. Export possible. Iasdjyyp Tmjpfx Apcjr

Condition: used, mileage: 517 km, power: 88 kW (119.65 HP), fuel type: diesel, gearing type: mechanical, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 3,450 mm, first registration: 01/2023, fuel tank capacity: 90 l, CO₂ emissions: 235 g/km, emission class: euro6, color: white, number of seats: 6, number of previous owners: 3, Year of construction: 2023, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, central locking, electronic stability program (ESP), immobilizer system, onboard computer, power assisted steering, traction control, trailer coupling, = Additional Options and Equipment = - Android Auto - Apple CarPlay - Heated exterior mirrors - Bluetooth - Front electric windows - Electrically folding exterior mirrors - Electrically adjustable exterior mirrors - Euro 6 - Driver airbag - Remote central locking - Hill-hold control - Wooden loading bed - Height-adjustable driver's seat - Height-adjustable steering wheel - Lumbar support - Front center armrest - Multifunction steering wheel - Emergency brake assist - Radio with DAB - Reversing camera - Sidebars - Start/stop system - Engine immobilizer - Blind spot monitoring - Partition wall = Additional Information = General Information Number of doors: 5 Model range: Aug. 2022 - Feb. 2024 Cab type: Double Technical Information Torque: 310 Nm Number of cylinders: 4 Engine displacement: 2,179 cc Transmission: 6-speed manual Top speed: 155 km/h Dimensions Ijdsvpfuajpfx Apcjar Length/Height: L2H2 Dimensions (L x W x H): 554 x 205 x 252 cm Weights Unladen weight: 1,915 kg Payload: 1,085 kg Gross vehicle weight: 3,000 kg Interior Interior: Black Consumption Average fuel consumption: 8.9 l/100km Maintenance, History, and Condition APK (Dutch MOT): valid until 11.2026 Number of keys: 2 (1 remote) Product Safety Manufacturer: Oostland Automobielen Wasaweg 22 9723JD GRONINGEN, NL

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2024, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 16803, fuel type: electric, empty load weight: 750 kg, total length: 1,810 mm, construction height: 1,500 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 1,225 mm, sweeping width: 1,000 mm, Sweeper-scrubber machine Chassis number: 16803 Condition: As new Technical condition: Very good Ijdjyytixspfx Apcear Battery voltage: 24V Battery capacity: 240Ah Battery manufacturer: Hoppecke Aquamatic Battery type: PzS Battery year: 2024 Battery condition: 80 - 100% Description: 1,000 mm working width, 6,000 m²/h surface performance, 120 l container capacity, hydraulic high dump, round filter, automatic filter cleaning, 3.5 h battery runtime, right-hand side brush, gradeability 12%, working speed 6 km/h, suitable for indoor and outdoor use.

Year of construction: 2014, condition: used, Max. Stanzkraft: 50 kN Stroke activation via foot switch Iedpfx Ajwb Eucjpcoar Good condition

Condition: used, travel distance X-axis: 800 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 600 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 400 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 4,000 kg, table width: 700 mm, table length: 1,100 mm, Capacity: 120 Amp. – 19 kVA X-travel: 800 mm Y-travel: 600 mm Iaedpfx Asyg Hpdjpcsr Z-travel: 400 mm Table size: 1.100 x 700 mm Distance Head to table: 950 mm (max) Oil tank: 1.700 x 1.000 x 650 mm Weight of workpiece: 4.000 kg (Max) Controller: CNC Datic S120

Condition: good (used), mileage: 96,574 km, power: 88 kW (119.65 HP), first registration: 12/2020, fuel type: diesel, tire size: 215/55R16, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 3,060 mm, fuel: diesel, color: white, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, number of gears: 6, emission class: euro6, number of seats: 2, total length: 4,820 mm, total width: 1,850 mm, total height: 1,830 mm, loading space length: 1,780 mm, loading space width: 1,530 mm, loading space height: 1,270 mm, Year of construction: 2020, Equipment: ABS, Bluetooth, air conditioning, central locking, cruise control, electric window regulation, parking heater, power mirror, seat heater, traction control, = Additional Options and Accessories = - Heated mirrors - Halogen lamp - None - Alloy wheels - Manual - Radio/cassette - Fabric - Partition wall = Notes = Configuration: 4x2, Curb weight: 1,646 kg, Gross weight: 2,501 kg, Alloy wheels, Cabin type: single cab, Cruise control, Air conditioning, Number of airbags: 4, Auxiliary heater, Parking sensors: front and rear, Electric windows, Electric mirrors, Partition wall, Radio/cassette, Colour: white, Service manual, Heated mirrors, Lighting type: halogen, Heated seats, Bluetooth, Engine power: 88 kW (118 hp), Fuel type: diesel, Euro: 6, Drive system: timing belt, Transmission: manual, Gears: 6, Power steering, ABS, ASR, Starter battery, Side panels lined, Roof rack: none, Side doors: 1, Rear door type: twin doors, Central locking, Seats: 2, Seating arrangement: 1+1, Seat upholstery: fabric, Seat adjustment: manual, long, air conditioning, cruise, parking sensors, heated seats, 96 k km, tyre type: all-season tyres = Further Information = General Information Isdpfx Aoyx Tdyopcjar Number of doors: 1 Registration number: KLEYN1 Axle Configuration Tyre size: 215/55R16 Brakes: disc brakes Suspension: coil springs Axle 1: Tyre tread left: 6 mm; Tyre tread right: 6 mm Axle 2: Tyre tread left: 6 mm; Tyre tread right: 6 mm Weights Unladen weight: 1,646 kg Payload: 855 kg Gross vehicle weight: 2,501 kg Functional Loading floor height: 61 cm Condition Technical condition: good Visual condition: good Damages: none Number of keys: 2 Financial Information Lease price: €224 per month (commercial van, 72 months); Please ask for more information and conditions.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 70,000 h, clamping force: 120 kN, displacement volume: 154 cm³, injection pressure: 2,175 bar, overall weight: 7,300 kg, screw conveyor diameter: 35 mm, terms of delivery: EXW (ex Works) delivery time: on request terms of payment: 100% prior to delivery Manufacturer: Engel Type: VC Tech + ERC23/1-F Condition: aus laufender Produktion Operating hours: ca. 70.000 CLAMPING UNIT: - Clamping force: 120 t Iodeqy Uklepfx Apcear Öffnungsweg: 500 mm Mould installation height min.: 300 mm Mould installation height max.: - Plate dimension (h x v): 790 x 680 mm Centering (fix- movingplate): 125/125 mm INJECTION UNIT: SPE330 Screw diameter: 35 mm Injection weight in polystyrol: 141 g Stroke volume: 154 cm³ Einspritzdruck: 2.175 bar CONTROL: CC200 Screen language: DE Operating manuel: DE EQUIPMENT: - Core pulls: 2 Air valves: ja Hot runner control devices: - Robot interface: Engel integrated Other equipment: inkl. ERC 23/1-F mit integrierten Ablageband (Bediengegenseite) +750mm, Nadelverschluss (hydr. + pneumat.), Schnittstelle Farbdosierer und Temperiergerät. GENERAL DATA: - Installed heating capacity: 9,2 kW Pump drive power: 15 kW Total installed power: Motor + Heizung Total weight: 7.300 kg Total size L x B x H: 4,4 x 1,4+0,8 x 2,0 m

Condition: used, mileage: 1 km, power: 88 kW (119.65 HP), first registration: 02/2025, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 1,662 kg, next inspection (TÜV): 04/2028, fuel: diesel, energy efficiency: B, color: white, gearing type: mechanical, number of seats: 3, Year of construction: 2025, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, airbag, central locking, cruise control, electronic stability program (ESP), fog lights, immobilizer system, onboard computer, soot filter, Passenger airbag, heated exterior mirrors, rain sensor, power steering, radio/tuner, electric windows, multifunction steering wheel, front parking sensors (PDC), rear parking sensors (PDC), parking assist (PDC) with camera, pollen filter, double passenger seat, bulkhead without window, load compartment lining with wooden floor, LED daytime running lights, electric exterior mirrors, hands-free kit, Bluetooth hands-free system, through-loading capability, height-adjustable driver’s seat, interior filter, center armrest, non-smoker vehicle, USB port, hill start assist, start-stop system, traction control (ASR), third brake light, outside temperature display, tire pressure monitoring system, reverse camera, daytime running lights, automatic headlights, central locking with remote control, DAB+ digital radio, adaptive cruise control, lane keeping assist, driver fatigue warning system, voice control, blind spot assist, touchscreen, traffic sign recognition, steel wheels, high beam assistant, summer tires, sliding door on both sides, sliding door right, speed limiter, fully digital instrument cluster, Android Auto, Apple CarPlay, breakdown kit, spare wheel, Assist package, audio controls on steering wheel, Converter package, Dynamic Surround View package, City package, front and rear parking assist, Surround View package, Visibility package, increased payload, cargo area with anti-slip wooden floor and side panels (wood) with wheel arch covers, multifunction steering wheel for audio control, low-emission according to Euro 6e emission standard, sliding door right, 12V socket in glove compartment. Iaedpfewb Hu Rsx Apcjr

Condition: used, mileage: 1 km, power: 88 kW (119.65 HP), first registration: 01/2024, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 2,035 kg, next inspection (TÜV): 04/2028, fuel: diesel, energy efficiency: B, CO₂ emissions: 232 g/km, fuel consumption (urban): 10.9 l/100km, fuel consumption (extra-urban): 7.6 l/100km, fuel consumption (combined): 8.9 l/100km, color: white, gearing type: mechanical, number of seats: 3, maximum speed: 138 km/h, Equipment: airbag, central locking, cruise control, electronic stability program (ESP), onboard computer, soot filter, Electrically heated exterior mirrors, electric windows, automatic climate control, adjustable steering column, multifunction steering wheel, rear parking sensors (PDC), pollen filter, double passenger seat, partition without window, all-season tyres, electrically adjustable exterior mirrors, Bluetooth hands-free system, height-adjustable driver's seat, centre armrest, non-smoking vehicle, USB port, hill-start assist, start-stop system, traction control (ASR), outside temperature display, rear-view camera, central locking with remote control, DAB+ digital radio, lumbar support, voice control, touchscreen, steel rims, right side sliding door, Android Auto, Apple CarPlay, breakdown kit, spare wheel, all-season tyres, rear-view camera, Techno package, acoustic pedestrian warning signal (reverse warning), double passenger seat with folding table in the centre backrest. -- STOCK VEHICLE --- Available for immediate delivery --- Sample images – original vehicle may vary. Subject to errors and prior sale. Stock number 1810 Iaodpfxsq Sl Rws Apcsr

Condition: good (used), mileage: 299,000 km, fuel type: diesel, maximum load weight: 5,025 kg, overall weight: 11,990 kg, axle configuration: 4x2, fuel: diesel, color: white, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, suspension: air, Year of construction: 2018, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, central locking, electronic stability program (ESP), full service history, power assisted steering, tachograph, traction control, Purchased and serviced at an Iveco authorized service center, one owner, full documentation Body with side panels, galvanized, reinforced, oversize load plates Side panels and posts can be removed Ijdpfx Ajy Afw Topcsar – year 2018 – mileage 299 000 km – power 190 KM – max allowed weight 11990 kg – load capacity 5025 kg – body dimensions (L x W) 7.5m x 2.48m – wheelbase 5.1m Truck is equipped with: automatic gearbox rear air suspension air conditioning lane keeping assists hill start assist If you have more questions, feel free to contact us by phone or whatsapp

Condition: good (used), Tires, solid rubber tires, forklift tires, complete wheels Iasdpfx Apjyx Tdgecjr -Manufacturer: Kowalit, solid rubber tire with rim -Tire size: 18x7-8 Rim 4.33R-8 -Quantity: 1 piece available -Dimensions: Ø 420 x 160 mm -Weight: 19 kg

Condition: used, Used Fryma Koruma model VME-120/C stainless steel vacuum process vessel. - Manufacturer: Fryma Koruma - Model: VME-120/C Iodpfxoykpdfs Apcsar Vessel: - Capacity of vessel: 25 - 120 litre - Vessel rated: -1 bar at 150°C - Capacity of jacket: 25 litre - Jacket rated: 3 bar at 150°C Mixers: - scraping-mixing system: speed 17/34 rpm driven by 2.0/2.4 kW motor - homogenizer system with diameter 230 mm: speed 300 - 1450 rpm, driven by 15 kW motor Includes: - vacuum pump - control panel - hydraulic agregate for lifting mixing units Specifications: Power: 19 kW Vacuum (Y/N): Y Capacity: 120 Jacket (Y/N): Y

Condition: good (used), Tires, solid rubber tires, forklift tires, complete wheels -Manufacturer: Vorwerk, solid rubber tire with rim -Tire size: 120 x 410/550 -Hub bore: Ø 68 mm -Bolt circle: Ø110 mm x 18 mm Iedpeyx Svnjfx Apcear -Quantity: 1 piece available -Dimensions: Ø 550 x 120 mm -Weight: 33 kg

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2008, load capacity: 1,600 kg, Bale clamp ISO class: ISO class 2 = 1,000 – 2,500 kg Condition: Ready for operation and fully functional Technical condition: Good Iodpfx Apjyzdfmecear Description: Year 2008 ISO 2A (41 cm) Capacity 1,600 kg / 500 mm Sideshift Width 1,070 mm Clamps 1,200 mm ID OS1935

Condition: used, mileage: 79,318 km, power: 88 kW (119.65 HP), first registration: 05/2021, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 2,800 kg, color: grey, emission class: euro6, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, soot filter, Used vehicle * Vehicle no.: - 14 * Euro 6 green environmental badge * Panel van L1 H1 * Loading length approx. * 6-speed gearbox * Air conditioning * Reversing camera * Multifunction steering wheel * Cruise control * Rear parking sensors * Lane keeping assist * GVW 2,800 kg / Payload 850 kg * 2 seats * Partition * Load compartment lining on floor and walls * Electric front windows * Central locking * 4x airbags * ABS * ASR (traction control) * German vehicle * Original mileage ---- Iaodoxz St Aspfx Apcer -> Please note that viewing is only possible by prior appointment. Thank you for your understanding. -> Sale only to traders or for export. The above data, photos, and equipment list are for general identification of the vehicle only and do not constitute a guaranteed specification in the legal sense of a sale! All information/equipment details are WITHOUT GUARANTEE. Changes, prior sale, and errors expressly reserved! The equipment list does not form part of the contract and must be checked in detail by each interested party on site at the vehicle before concluding the purchase. Subsequent complaints will not be accepted.

Condition: used, mileage: 72,783 km, power: 88 kW (119.65 HP), first registration: 10/2021, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 2,800 kg, color: grey, emission class: euro6, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, soot filter, Used vehicle * Vehicle No.: 54 * Euro 6 green environmental badge * Van L1 H1 * Loading length approx. * 6-speed transmission * Air conditioning * Rear view camera * Multifunction steering wheel * Cruise control * Rear parking sensors * Lane keep assist * Gross vehicle weight 2,800 kg, payload 850 kg * 2 seats * Partition wall * Cargo area lining (floor + side walls) * Electric windows * Central locking * 4x airbags * ABS * ASR * German vehicle Isdoygbzzspfx Apcoar * Original mileage ---- -> Please note that viewings are only possible by prior appointment. Thank you for your understanding. -> Sale only to commercial customers or for export. The above data, photos, and equipment list are provided solely for general identification of the vehicle and do not constitute a guaranteed specification in the legal sense of a sales contract! All information and equipment details are provided WITHOUT GUARANTEE. Subject to change, prior sale, and errors! The equipment list is not part of the contract and must be checked in detail on site at the vehicle by each interested party before purchase. Subsequent complaints will not be accepted.

Condition: used, mileage: 110,000 km, power: 88 kW (119.65 HP), first registration: 07/2021, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 2,800 kg, next inspection (TÜV): 04/2027, color: grey, emission class: euro6, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, soot filter, Used vehicle * Vehicle No.: - 21 * Euro 6 green environmental badge * Panel van L1 H1 * Loading length approx. * 6-speed manual transmission * Air conditioning * Rearview camera * Multifunction steering wheel * Cruise control * Rear parking sensors * Lane keeping assist * Gross vehicle weight 2,800 kg, payload 850 kg * 2 seats Iedpfsxz Sumjx Apcjar * Partition wall * Cargo compartment cladding floor + wall * Electric windows * Central locking * 4x airbags * ABS * ASR (traction control) * German vehicle ---- -> Please note that viewings are only possible by prior appointment. Thank you for your understanding. -> Sale only to businesses or for export. The above data, photos, and equipment list serve solely for general identification of the vehicle and do not constitute guaranteed characteristics in the legal sense of a sales contract! All information / equipment details are provided WITHOUT WARRANTY. Subject to changes, prior sale, and errors! The equipment list is not part of the contract and must be checked in detail on site by any interested party before purchase. Subsequent complaints will not be accepted.

Condition: used, mileage: 43,008 km, power: 88 kW (119.65 HP), first registration: 06/2021, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 2,800 kg, next inspection (TÜV): 05/2027, color: grey, emission class: euro6, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, soot filter, Used vehicle * Vehicle No.: - 6 * Euro 6 green environmental badge * Van L1 H1 * Loading length approx. * 6-speed gearbox * Air conditioning * Reversing camera * Multifunction steering wheel * Cruise control * Rear parking sensors * Lane keeping assist * Gross vehicle weight 2,800 kg, payload 850 kg * 2 seats * Partition wall * Cargo area lining: floor + walls * Electric front windows * Central locking * 4x airbags * ABS * ASR (traction control) * German vehicle * Original mileage ---- -> Please note that viewing is only possible by prior appointment. Thank you for your understanding. -> Sale is only to businesses or for export. The data, photos, and equipment list shown above are for general vehicle identification purposes only and do not constitute a guaranteed characteristic as defined by sales law! All information and details regarding features are provided WITHOUT WARRANTY. Subject to changes, prior sale, and errors! The equipment list does not form part of the contract and must be checked on site by each prospective buyer prior to purchase. Complaints after purchase will not be accepted. Iaodpjw E Uzaofx Apcer

Condition: used, mileage: 90,510 km, power: 88 kW (119.65 HP), first registration: 09/2021, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 2,800 kg, color: grey, emission class: euro6, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, soot filter, Used Vehicle * Vehicle No.: - 50 * Euro 6 green environmental sticker * Panel van L1 H1 * Load length approx. * 6-speed gearbox * Air conditioning Iodpfxstl Syqs Apcjar * Reversing camera * Multifunction steering wheel * Cruise control * Rear parking sensors * Lane keeping assist * GVW 2,800 kg, payload 850 kg * 2 seats * Partition wall * Load compartment lining: floor + walls * Electric front windows (eFH) * Central locking (ZV) * 4x airbags * ABS * ASR (traction control) * German vehicle * Original mileage ---- -> Please note that viewing is only possible by prior appointment. Thank you for your understanding. -> Sale exclusively to commercial customers or for export. The data, photos and equipment list provided above are for general vehicle identification only and do not constitute a warranted feature in terms of sales law! All information / accessories are supplied WITHOUT GUARANTEE. Subject to change, prior sale and errors excepted! The equipment list is not part of the contract and must be checked on site by each prospective buyer in detail prior to purchase. Later complaints will not be accepted.

Condition: used, mileage: 429,000 km, first registration: 06/2013, fuel type: diesel, axle configuration: 4x2, fuel: diesel, color: white, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: euro5, Year of construction: 2013, Equipment: tail-lift, Frigo Thermoking Bi-Temperature T1000 R – Refrigerated trailer – Tail lift 1000 kg – Gross weight 11,990 kg – Unladen weight 7,504 kg – Wheelbase 4,185 cm Refrigeration unit make: Thermo King = Further information = Front axle: Steered Tail lift: D'hollandia, 1000 kg Ijdpfx Ajyxwx Iepcear Price: On request Reference number: 22 Contact Miguel Cubas for further details. = Company information = We are located between Antwerp and Brussels along the A12 motorway, near the port of Antwerp. Opening hours: Monday to Friday, continuously from 8:30 am to 7:00 pm.

Condition: used, power: 160 kW (217.54 HP), Granulator TRIA 120-80 FN / Granulators Iaedpjyyxi Defx Apcor New hydraulics, new knives, new bearings Drive: 160.0 kW Rotor knives: 5x2 Stator knives: 2x2 Rotor diameter: 700 mm Rotor width: 1200 mm Feed opening: 800 x 1200 mm

Condition: excellent (used), Multiple-shaft circular saw (gang saw) by FOD BYDGOSZCZ* DPPA III 50E 620/120 Catalogue Number: 7407 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: - Maximum cutting height: 120 mm - Maximum workpiece width: 700 mm - Working width of the shaft with saw blades: 620 mm - Maximum saw blade diameter: 450 mm - Saw blade bore diameter: 90 mm Upper side: - Kickback pawls - 2 toothed driven rollers Lower side: - Kickback pawls - 2 smooth driven rollers - Saw blade shaft - Smooth driven roller - 2 feed speed options - Feed motor: 4.4 kW - Main motor: 30 kW - Machine dimensions (LxWxH): 2370x1400x1800 mm - Weight: approx. 3000 kg – Polish production – Used machine, very good condition Net price: 38,900 PLN Net price: 9,260 EUR (based on an exchange rate of 4.2 EUR) Iasdpoymxdmefx Apcor (Prices may change depending on currency fluctuations) * MAR-MASZ guarantees the quality of your purchase but is not an authorized dealer for the manufacturer. All trademarks and names are used purely for informational purposes to identify the product. We only resell goods that have previously been placed on the market by the manufacturer. We have no business association with the manufacturer.

Year of construction: 2024, condition: new, Mobile panel transport cart New demo unit, year of manufacture: 2024 - Stacking of panel heights up to 1,600 mm, electrically operated - Tilt angle forward/backward 100°, electrically operated - Head joint rotation angle CW/CCW 180° - Head joint rotation angle: 360° - Load capacity 120 kg - Panel sizes up to 2,100 x 3,200 mm - Total height 2,090 mm - With 6 high-performance suction pads, width adjustable Iaodpfx Asw I Upnjpcor The Mobilifter ML-120 consists of: - A mobile chassis - An electric lifting and tilting system - An automatic vacuum unit - A wireless electric control - Weight 170 kg Availability: short notice Location: Flörsheim

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1975, functionality: fully functional, Veneer Press - 3300 x 1350 mm - External dimensions: 4000 x 1650 x 2450 mm - Year of manufacture: 1975 - Approx. 5,500 kg - Electrically heated plates, no dents - HP 120 - Pressing room height: 400 mm - 6 cylinders - Rack guide - With emergency cord Shipping available at extra cost! Iedpfx Apjx Akuzocjar

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7651 Technical data: - Track width: 250mm - Shaft width: 250mm - Max saw blade diameter: 400mm - Saw blade bore diameter: 70mm - Max cutting height: 120mm - Table width with opening: 810mm - Table length: 1780mm – From above: - Pawls/kickers - Smooth pressure shaft - Pawls - Smooth pressure shaft - Shaft with saw blades - Smooth pressure shafts, 2 pcs – From below: - Guide - Pawls/kickers - Track - Central lubrication - Stepless feed speed adjustment - Feed motor 1.1kW - Main motor 37kW - Manual body lifting - Manual lifting of shaft with saw blades - Chip extraction connection diameter: 200mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2150x1480x1760mm - Weight: 1735kg ADVANTAGES – German-made Isdpfx Ajyyyd Njpcsar – Stepless feed speed adjustment – Multi-blade saw, used, in very good condition Net price: 46,900 PLN Net price: 11,160 EUR (at a rate of 4.25 EUR) (Prices may change depending on exchange rate fluctuations)