Used Broaching Machine / Rausch Rs 6-1300 for sale (99,016)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, Vertical glass drilling machine SCHRAML topDRILL 130 NC Year of production: 2009 Psdpfx Aeyfrvysgkjgn Maximum working height: 1300 mm NC controlled Very good and clean condition Surplus drilling/countersink bits included As is Available immediately

Condition: new, Type SK1300-P6 Pgsdpfxsd Tqtij Agksn Working width 1300 mm Min.working length 370 mm Working thickness 5-140mm Polishing roller speed - Frequency control Feeding speed 2.5-12,5 m/min Total motor power 16.87 kW

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 1,300 kg, total width: 820 mm, total length: 1,650 mm, total height: 1,600 mm, cutting force: 100 t, pressure: 160 bar, warranty duration: 12 months, year of last overhaul: 2026, power: 7.5 kW (10.20 HP), MIZAR ALS Series - Hydraulic Alligator Shear / Crocodile Shear for Scrap Metal & Cables High-Precision Hydraulic Cutting for Scrap Cables & Metals The MIZAR ALS Series is engineered for powerful and reliable hydraulic cutting of scrap cables, aluminum, copper, and various metal profiles. Designed for durability and operational safety, ALS shears deliver consistent cutting performance in demanding recycling environments. ENGINEERED FOR INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE & ADVANTAGES • Advanced Hydraulic System: Equipped with a premium Bosch Rexroth hydraulic system to ensure stable pressure, smooth and fast operation, and a long service life. • Hardened Cylinder Shafts: Induction-hardened and chrome-plated cylinder shafts provide superior wear resistance and corrosion protection, ensuring continuous performance under heavy-duty conditions. • High-Strength Blade Technology: Specially processed, high-alloy tool steel blades offer high cutting efficiency and an extended blade lifetime, significantly reducing maintenance frequency. • Industrial-Grade Electronics: All electrical and electronic components are powered by Siemens, ensuring maximum operational reliability and global service availability. Fully CE and EAC certified for international compliance. APPLICATION AREAS • Cable Recycling: Scrap copper and aluminum cables, heavy-duty wire harnesses. • Non-Ferrous Metals: Aluminum profiles, extrusions, and window frames. • Heavy Scrap: Copper busbars, conductor bars, and industrial metal offcuts. Psdpfx Aoyyuptsgkogn • Light Metal Scrap: General metal cleaning and preparation for further shredding or smelting. MODEL RANGE & TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS (Please ask for the exact configuration based on your material type and capacity) • ALS S1: Compact and efficient solution for medium-capacity operations. • ALS M1: Extended cutting capacity for larger cross-sections and higher throughput requirements. Why MIZAR ALS Series? • High hydraulic stability and precision cutting • Long blade lifetime with low maintenance costs • Safe and operator-friendly design (foot-pedal operated) • Plug-and-play installation for immediate use • Built for continuous industrial recycling environments Need a cutting solution tailored to your material? Contact us for a customized quotation, technical details, or send your material for a performance test. Mizar Recycling Machinery

Year of construction: 2024, condition: new, IMPORTANT: MACHINE WILL BE BRAND NEW Pgsdpfx Aegv Ix Iegkjn All electric-electronic components used are Schneider and Siemens Brands. Machine will be under AYMAS Makina San. Ve Tic. A. S. Guarantee for one (1) year or two thousand five hundred (2.500) operation hours, whichever comes first. The cylinder rods, especially “hard chrome plated” for resistance against any damage, are induction hardened to maintain maximum strength. The “Off-The-Shelf” equipment used in the electric and hydraulic systems are from reputable worldwide brands and comply with the CE European standards. The body of the machine is constructed from “DIN St52” material. After welding they are stress-relieved and sandblasted before painting. SEE THE TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION BELOW Electric Motors: 11 kW Machine Weight: appx 2.700 kg Cutting Speed: 5 cuts/min Blade Length: 620 mm Max. Working Pressure: 250 bars Cutting Force: 150 tons Machine Dimensions (Width x Length x Height): 750 mm x 2.500 mm x 1.300 mm

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: electric, working width: 1,600 mm, installation height: 430 mm, throat depth: 400 mm, operating speed: 50 mm/s, reverse speed: 200 mm/s, back gauge speed R-axis: 200 mm/s, overall weight: 3,500 kg, total length: 2,350 mm, total width: 1,700 mm, total height: 2,220 mm, power: 17.3 kW (23.52 HP), warranty duration: 24 months, Equipment: CE marking, Model: GB-4016E Bending pressure (KN): 400 Bending length (mm): 1600 Distance between columns (mm): 1320 Maximum opening height (mm): 430 Slider stroke (mm): 180 Throat depth (mm): 400 X-axis stroke (mm): 400 X-axis speed (mm/s): 400 Psdowzqx Hjpfx Agkjgn R-axis stroke (mm): 140 R-axis speed (mm/s): 200 Z-axis stroke (mm): 1040 Z-axis speed (mm/s): 400 Machine power (kw): 17.2 Dimensions (mm): 2090*1265*2290 Weight (kg): 3500

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2021, turning diameter over bed 0800 mm turning diameter over slide rest 500 mm turning length 4000 mm spindle bore 105 mm spindle turning speed range 5,4 - 720 U/min workpiece weight 2500 kg bed width 600 mm spindle bore 105 mm longitudinal feeds: 0,05- 24,3 mm/U cross feed 0,05 - 12,15 mm/U rapid traverse 4 m/min main drive 11 kW total power requirement 14 kW Psdpfx Agey Nd Siskjgn weight of the machine ca. 8 t dimensions of the machine ca. 6,5 x 2,5 x 2 m With 4 position tool holder, face plate with safety cover, steady rest and DRO.

Condition: excellent (used), RS Simulators We offer a test cabinet here. Water-cooled Temperature range: -40°C to +180°C Test chamber dimensions: 850mm x 850mm x 800 mm (W x H x D) External dimensions: 1100mm x 1850mm x 1500mm (W x H x D) Power consumption: 13.5 A Refrigerant: R404A Connection voltage: 3x400V/N/PE 9A Weight: approx. 750kg Type: TS 600/45 Pgodpfx Aszdn Stjgkjn Explosion-proof operation not tested However, max. 160°C in this condition Condition: used Scope of delivery: (See image) (Changes and errors in the technical data are subject to change!) We will gladly answer any further questions you may have over the phone.

Condition: excellent (used), RS-Simulators Climate Chamber KSS 600/75-10K Device Data Manufacturer: RS-Simulators Prüf- und Messtechnik GmbH Type: KSS 600/75-10K Design: Climate test chamber / Environmental simulation chamber Cooling: Water-cooled Description Used climate test chamber from RS-Simulators. Suitable for temperature tests, climate tests, material and aging tests. Application in industrial testing and measurement. Technical Data Temperature range: -75 °C to +180 °C Temperature change: Heating/cooling approx. 10 K/min Test chamber volume: approx. 600 liters Dimensions Internal (W x D x H): 840 x 840 x 840 mm External (W x D x H): 1200 x 1600 x 1995 mm Electrical Data 400 V / 3~ / N / PE Current consumption: approx. 55 A Refrigeration System Refrigerant: R404A / R23 R404A: 6.0 kg R23: 3.0 kg Pgodpfey H Ib Ajx Agken Weight approx. 1400 kg Equipment RS-Simulators control panel / operating panel Program operation Observation window Temperature monitoring in the test chamber Operating hour counter Side feed-through Robust industrial design Scope of delivery RS-Simulators climate chamber KSS 600/75-10K Scope of delivery as shown in the pictures Functional test Refrigerant service Leak test Condition: Used. Condition: See pictures. Inspection possible by arrangement. Loading and transport can be organized upon request. Subject to changes and prior sale. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, Traverses X Y Z: 660 x 450 x 500mm, Table size 720mm x 420mm, table load 500kgs, spindle speed 12,000rpm, spindle motor power 28Hp, Siemens 828D Control with Shopmill, rapid feed XYZ axis 24m/min, Spindle taper BT40, 12 station ATC Pgjdpfszbituex Agken

Condition: good (used), ZwickRoell Temperature Chamber for AllroundLine Model: TEE160/LN2 40S The TEE160/LN2 40S is a specialized temperature chamber designed primarily for material testing in combination with ZwickRoell testing machines (specifically the AllroundLine). Flexible Application ZwickRoell’s innovative temperature chamber ensures a flexible testing system tailored to customer needs—without compromise. This guarantees reliable test results well into the future. The safety door function ensures operator protection in compliance with European safety regulations. The chamber door serves as a safety door with an interlocking mechanism. Precise Temperature Control The temperature chamber creates extremely uniform and precise conditions for specimens throughout the entire chamber volume. This ensures accurate and repeatable test results. Key Specifications Temperature range: -40°C to +160°C. Cooling system: Liquid nitrogen (LN2) for rapid cooling rates. Temperature Chamber for AllroundLine Application: Specifically designed for integration into materials testing machines to perform mechanical tests (e.g., tensile or compression tests) under controlled environmental conditions. All panels in the door area (interior and exterior) are made of stainless steel. Dismountable heavy-duty base frame Dimensions: W x D x H = 1400 x 600 x 800 mm Chamber: W x D x H = 440 x 530 x 650 mm Test opening: 110 mm Power supply: 400/230 V, 16 A, 3N~, 50/60 Hz Cooling via LN2 (liquid nitrogen) "Everything from a single source: We would be happy to offer you suitable bank financing for your project." komplett-konzept.leasingo.de Pedszcpwpjpfx Agkegn Find more items—new and used—in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, XYZ Proturn SLX 1630 ProtoTRAK CNC Gap Bed Centre Lathe Ex Research machine – Superb Condition ProtoTRAK SLX Control (2011) Max’ Distance Between Centres 760mm Max’ Swing over Cross-slide 218mm Max Swing over Bed 400mm Spindle Bore 52mm Spindle Speeds 150 – 2500 rev/min Spindle Motor 5.75Kw Spindle Camlock D1-6 Quick Change Tool Post Tailstock MT4 Tailstock Dia’ 60mm Tailstock Travel 127mm Manufactured | 2011 Weight 1560Kgs Supplied with: Two-axis CNC, Two-axis DRO. TRAKing, Constant surface speed. Electronic hand-wheels for X & Z Axes. Joystick for feed & rapids. Interlocked chuck guard and main guard. Quick change toolpost with holders. 3 Jaw chuck 5C Collet Chuck Coolant For sale with *Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #78211 Machine Serial Number: 16P99080-063 Cost: £17,950.00 + VAT Pedpezav D Djfx Agkogn Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Fanuc A06B-6088-H322 # H500 Spindle Amplifier SN:EA6X01300, used, normal signs of wear, 100% functional, delivery as per photos. Psdpfx Agox Erbdskjgn

Condition: ready for operation (used), ABB 86413006V004VG5M synchronous servomotor SN: BS027474, used, normal signs of wear, 100% fully functional, scope of delivery as per photos. Pjdpsx Dtw Ujfx Agkjgn

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2002, 6 axles Pgedpfx Aezcvwcjgksn Operating hours approx. 50,000 hours.

Condition: used, mileage: 218,160 km, power: 330 kW (448.67 HP), first registration: 05/2017, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 16,150 kg, maximum load weight: 9,850 kg, overall weight: 26,000 kg, axle configuration: 6x4, wheelbase: 3,900 mm, brakes: engine braking, color: black, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, suspension: steel, number of seats: 2, loading space volume: 11 m³, loading space length: 4,900 mm, loading space width: 2,420 mm, loading space height: 1,000 mm, Equipment: ABS, additional headlights, air conditioning, cabin, central locking, crane, cruise control, differential lock, onboard computer, parking heater, power assisted steering, seat heater, traction control, trailer coupling, Vehicle location: Bovenden, ClassicSpace, Mercedes PowerShift 3, steel body, Mtlg. House, 1x comfort seat, seat heating, electric mirror, heated mirror, electric window left, electric window right, air conditioning, sun visor, cruise control, air horn, ABS (anti-lock braking system), traction control (ASR), constant throttle, power take-off, differential lock, work lights, rotating beacon, stowage box, leaf spring suspension, left-hand on-board suspension, air+light tow bar, aluminum tank, U-protection, roof hatch, crane at rear, emergency stop, grapple control, high seat, 2-point hydraulic outriggers, 1x hydr. extension, green environmental sticker Wheelbase: 3900 mm Body: Meiller 2-sided tipper body with Bordmatik left approx. 11m³ & rear crane Hiab Jonsered 1300RS79 with high seat, loading height approx. 1540mm. 8t front axle, rear axle disc wheel 300 planetary 13.4t, electronic brake system with ABS and ASR, disc brake with full protection on front and rear axle, ABS can be switched off, parking brake additionally on front axle, condensation water monitoring for compressed air system, stabilizer bar on front axle, stabilizer bar reinforced 2nd rear axle, leather steering wheel. rear axle, leather steering wheel, smoker's package, residual heat utilization, construction site filter, additional thermal insulation, PSM, ClassicSpace, comfort locking system, off-road driving program, Mercedes PowerShift 3, pre-installation for toll collection, tank capacity: 290l, protective plate for tank, LED daytime running lights, High Performance Engine Brake, protective plate under bumper, cyclone pre-filter for coarse dust, transmission oil cooling, Powertrain Pack 1, Protection Pack, Grounder, MB 123-10c MPA N-/M-Speed power take-off. Load diagram: 4m-2940kg, 6m-2100kg, 7m-1800kg! VIN: WDB96421610141255! Gripper available at an extra charge! ACCESSORY INFORMATION WITHOUT WARRANTY, subject to alterations, prior sale and errors excepted! - . Pgsdpevhmkaofx Agken

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2020, color: grey, loading space volume: 13 m³, loading space width: 2,200 mm, loading space length: 4,950 mm, loading space height: 1,200 mm, mileage: 1,001 km, first registration: 01/2020, gearing type: other, driver cabin: other, Equipment: central locking, crane, Vehicle location: Bovenden, steel superstructure, doors, emergency stop, grab control, elevated stand, hydraulic 2-point support, radio remote control, 2x hydraulic extensions. Superstructure: Double-sided roll-off container with wing door approx. 13 m³ & crane Hiab Jonsered J1300RST96 with high seat and remote control (Remote-Control). Load diagram: 3m-3750kg, 4m-2870kg, 5m-2360kg, 6m-2020kg, 7m-1720kg, 9.6m-1230kg! Overall length approx. 6900mm! Grab -9225- available at an additional cost! ACCESSORY INFORMATION WITHOUT GUARANTEE, subject to changes, intermediate sale, and errors! Psdpfx Agjy E Nmdekogn

Condition: excellent (used), Your contacts at our company: Mr. Andre Evering Mr. Mario Klöver Mr. Falk Deutsch Mr. Simon Blank The scope of delivery includes: 1x Closing lid, Grade II Manufacturer: SSI Schäfer Lid type: VD-14/6-A Suitable for SSI Schäfer stacking box 14/6-A Material color: green Pgodpjhr I I Nsfx Agksn Material: Steel, painted Dimensions: approx. 520x320x35 mm (LxWxH) Weight: approx. 2.481 kg 4 draw latches General information about the item: This item is offered for collection only. Any additional transport or shipping of this item will incur extra costs, which can be requested separately depending on the delivery location and scope. Our services at a glance: (Prices upon request) Assembly, installation Our general assembly conditions apply Rack inspection Rack inspection according to DIN EN 15635, performed according to the requirements of BGR 234, visual inspection for all racking systems Delivery with our own fleet (without unloading)

Condition: good (used), The scope of delivery includes: 56x stacking transport box, used Manufacturer: SSI Schäfer type: 14/6-4 design: recessed grip on both sides color: blue material: polypropylene Outer dimensions LxWxH: 210x150x123mm inner dimensions LxW: 190x123mm Useful height in stack: 110 mm Capacity: 2,50 Liter Stackable: yes Weight | Piece: 0,266 kg Weight | Package: approx. 17,00 kg Remark: These are used stacking transport boxes. There can be scratches, soiling and color defects may be present. Pgjdpfx Agepl T Udeken Field of application: The stacking transport boxes are suitable for storing tools, screw materials and other small parts. small parts. General information about shipping the item: - The goods are shipped free of charge throughout Germany - The island transport is excluded

Condition: good (used), The scope of delivery includes: 261x stacking transport box, used Manufacturer: SSI Schäfer type: 14/6-4 design: recessed grip on both sides color: blue material: polypropylene Outer dimensions LxWxH: 210x150x123mm inner dimensions LxW: 190x123mm Useful height in stack: 110 mm Capacity: 2,50 Liter Stackable: yes weight | piece: 0,266 kg Weight | pallet: approx. 95,00 kg Remark: These are used stacking transport boxes. There may be scratches, soiling and color color defects may be present. Field of application: The stacking transport boxes are suitable for storing Psdpopl Uc Tjfx Agkogn tools, screw materials and other small parts. small parts. General information about shipping the item: - The goods are shipped free of charge throughout Germany - The island transport is excluded - The delivery takes place only to the curb - For unloading, access and departure routes to the unloading point Unloading point for a 40to Sattelzug voraussgesetzt - The unloading takes place from the buyer by forklift truck

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2020, The XYZ Machine Tools XYZ CT65 LTY CNC turning centre in excellent condition with 12-station VDI 30 live tooling turret, Y-axis capability, hydraulic tailstock, chip conveyor, through-tool coolant, and automatic lubrication system. Designed for high-precision turning and mill-turn applications with bar capacity up to 65 mm. Machine Specification: ----- CONTROL Seiemns 828D with Shopmill Conversational and G-code programming capability Electronic handwheel for setup and jogging Fully interlocked safety guarding ----- CAPACITY Chuck size (main spindle): 200 mm Maximum swing: 400 mm Maximum machining diameter: 220 mm Maximum turning length: 490 mm Maximum bar capacity: 65 mm ----- TRAVEL Travel (X axis): 220 mm Podpfoy S A D Nox Agkjgn Travel (Y axis): ±35 mm Travel (Z axis): 500 mm Rapid traverse rate: 20 m/min Cutting feed rate: 0.01–10 m/min ----- MAIN SPINDLE Spindle nose: A2-6 Maximum spindle speed: 4,500 rpm Spindle bore: 76 mm ----- TURRET Turret type: 12-station VDI 30 power turret Number of tools: 12 Turning tool size: 20 x 20 mm Maximum boring bar diameter: 32 mm Live tooling maximum speed: 4,500 rpm ----- TAILSTOCK Tailstock taper: MT4 Quill diameter and travel: 60 mm x 90 mm Hydraulic tailstock Programmable hydraulic tailstock (optional) ----- COOLANT & LUBRICATION Through-tool coolant system Flood coolant system Automatic lubrication system Coolant tank capacity: 80 litres Oil skimmer (optional) Oil mist device (optional) Coolant gun (optional) ----- ACCESSORIES Chip conveyor and chip bin Parts catcher system Renishaw automatic tool setting arm Air gun Transformer Leveling bolts and blocks Tool kit ----- MACHINE SIZE Machine dimensions (L x W x H): 3240 mm x 1788 mm x 1838 mm Door opening width: 668 mm Machine weight: 4,400 kg Control: Siemens 828D Spec: Spindle bore 65 mm | Max Swing 400 mm | Travel X 220 Z 500 Y +-35 mm Accessories: Chip conveyor and chip bin, Parts catcher system, Renishaw automatic tool setting arm, Air gun

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 300 h, XYZ 560 Mini Mill 3 Axis Vertical Machining Centre Manufactured 2015 Siemens 828D Control Ex college machine less than 300hrs. Spindle Speeds 8000rpm Spindle Motor 15hp Spindle Taper BT40 Tool Magazine 12 Tools Tool Change Time 8secs X Axis Travel 560mm Y Axis Travel 400mm Z Axis Travel 500mm Table Size 610 x 370mm Spinde to Tabel 100 – 600mm XYZ Rapids 20m/min Cutting Feeds 1-20m/min Max. Table Load 300kg T Slots 16mm Machine Weight 3100Kgs *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79162 Machine Serial Number: MF491 Cost: £27,500.00 + VAT Pedpfey R Srgsx Agkegn Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: used, mileage: 254,015 km, first registration: 08/2013, fuel type: diesel, color: green, gearing type: semi-automatic, emission class: euro5, * Mercedes-Benz CD Radio * Radio * Cooler box * Sunroof ----* Cruise control * Hill start assist * Clutch pedal ----* MEILLER hydraulic tipper * Year of manufacture: 2013 * Ringfeder pintle hook ----* HIAB 1300RS 83 crane * Year of manufacture: 2013 * Seat heating Pgjdpfxjy T Dy Ie Agksn ----* Tire dimension front axle: 385/65 R 22.5 * Tire dimension rear axle: 315/80 R 22.5 * Fuel tank: 1 x 350 liters * Next inspection due: 02.2023 ----Internal vehicle number: 7560----Errors and prior sale excepted.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: electric, laser type: fiber laser, laser hours: 10 h, laser power: 12,000 W, Equipment: CE marking, centralized greasing system, cooling unit, documentation/manual, dust extraction, emergency stop, fume extraction, nozzle changer, safety light barrier, Section Steel Laser Cutting Machine Bevel cutting highly enhances competitiveness Smart cutting head equipped with professional Acu3D rotary axis Achieves multi-directional, multi-angle 3D cutting (Web beveling, R-corner cutting, V bevel, Y bevel) Pedjw I Iliopfx Agkegn Versatile cutting Sheet, tube, and section steel cutting in one One-stop processing workflow, seamlessly integrated with TEKLA Easily complete drawing import - nesting & programming - process setup - material alignment - cutting

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, -Tfon Leveltech® TF M-5516 Leveling Machine Engineered for precision leveling, the TF M-5516 efficiently handles material thicknesses from 1 to 15 mm with advanced control features for optimal performance and ease of use. Key Specifications: -Material Thickness: 1 – 15 mm. -Maximum Material Width: 1,600 mm Minimum Material Length: 110 mm Quick Change System for Straightening Rollers: Standard Flattening Gap Adjustment: Servo Hydraulic / PC Controlled. Podpfokyrqfjx Agksgn Overload Protection: Standard Control Screen: Touchscreen Machine Size (L × W × H): 3,500 × 2,905 × 1,950 mm Total Weight: 19.000 kg

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 380 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, travel distance X-axis: 6,000 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 1,000 kg, laser power: 20,000 W, pipe diameter (max.): 6,000 mm, Equipment: cooling unit, safety light barrier, Max. Length of Tube: 6m Cutting Capacity of Round Tube: Φ360mm Cutting Capacity of Square Tube: Φ360mm Max. Load: 1000kg Zero Waste Cutting Full stroke movement, capable of cutting both ends of the pipe, improving material utilization Pedpfx Asv D T H Tjgkogn Full Pipe Cutting available Standard auxiliary loading and unloading system loading, unloading, and cutting of 6m full pipes available Bevel Cutting Function available Bevel angle adjustable from 0-45° Capable of V, X, Y, K type bevel cutting Optional Automatic Loading and Unloading Saves labor costs, and increases production efficiency Intelligent production for high efficiency