Used Keil Deburring Machine for sale (65,073)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, working width: 1,000 mm, type of input current: three-phase, sheet thickness (max.): 100 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 100 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 100 mm, sheet thickness copper (max.): 100 mm, sheet thickness brass (max.): 100 mm, total length: 2,230 mm, total width: 1,600 mm, total height: 2,000 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 500 kg, overall weight: 3,580 kg, working height: 100 mm, input voltage: 400 V, warranty duration: 12 months, table length: 3,470 mm, table width: 1,000 mm, workpiece height (max.): 100 mm, input frequency: 50 Hz, workpiece width (max.): 1,000 mm, operating speed: 33 mm/s, table height: 1,010 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 150 mm, grinding width: 1,000 mm, height adjustment type: mechanical, input current: 71 A, number of spindles: 9, pass-through width: 1,000 mm, Equipment: CE marking, type plate available, Polish Deburring Machine – Direct from Manufacturer We are pleased to present our high-quality deburring machines, produced in Poland by Madora Sp. z o.o., a reputable and experienced manufacturer specializing in metalworking and woodworking machinery. With decades of expertise and innovation, Madora is renowned for delivering durable, efficient, and user-friendly solutions tailored to the needs of industrial customers throughout Europe. Our machines are engineered for precision, performance, and long-term reliability – all at competitive prices. Lsdpfx Aijwzttgjisab The GP1000-4Z is a versatile deburring machine designed for post-cutting cleaning of sheet metal. Equipped with four "Z" type processing units, it offers outstanding versatility and processing capacity. What does this mean in practice? It allows for up to four operations simultaneously: not only does it remove scale following plasma cutting, but it also deburrs and rounds off workpiece edges after laser cutting – all in a single pass. The extensive processing range, including sheet thicknesses and widths up to 1,000 mm, makes it suitable for both small and large workpieces. With the appropriate tooling, the machine is also ideal for heavy edge rounding and oxide removal. The GP1000-4Z deburring machine features a TFT touch-screen panel, providing the operator with complete and continuous control over parameters such as workpiece thickness, feed speed, and tool rotation speed. Each unit can be operated independently, enabling the operator to select which processing steps to perform in a single pass.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, working width: 600 mm, type of input current: three-phase, sheet thickness (max.): 100 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 100 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 100 mm, sheet thickness copper (max.): 100 mm, sheet thickness brass (max.): 100 mm, total length: 1,500 mm, total width: 1,100 mm, total height: 1,700 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 500 kg, overall weight: 680 kg, working height: 100 mm, input voltage: 400 V, warranty duration: 12 months, table length: 1,300 mm, table width: 600 mm, workpiece height (max.): 100 mm, input frequency: 50 Hz, workpiece width (max.): 600 mm, operating speed: 33 mm/s, table height: 1,010 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 150 mm, grinding width: 600 mm, height adjustment type: mechanical, input current: 20 A, pass-through width: 600 mm, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, type plate available, Polish Deburring Machine – Direct from Manufacturer We are proud to present our high-quality deburring machines, manufactured in Poland by Madora Sp. z o.o., a trusted and experienced company specializing in metal and woodworking machinery. With decades of expertise and innovation, Madora is known for delivering durable, efficient, and user-friendly solutions tailored to the needs of industrial clients across Europe. Our machines are designed for precision, performance, and long-term reliability—all at competitive prices. The smallest model in the MADORA range, the GP 600 2Z, is a versatile deburring machine for cleaning sheet metal after various cutting processes. Equipped with two "Z"-type machining units, it offers outstanding flexibility and high machining capacity. The machine can perform two operations simultaneously: not only can it remove scale after plasma cutting, but it is also able to deburr or round the edges of workpieces after laser cutting—all in a single pass. Its machining width of up to 600 mm allows for the efficient processing of small and medium-sized components. With suitable tooling, the GP 600 2Z handles heavy edge rounding and oxide removal as well. Lsdswzu A Nepfx Aiieab The GP 600 2Z deburring machine features an electronic numeric control panel, which allows the operator precise and continuous adjustment of machining parameters such as workpiece height, feed rate, and tool rotation speed. Each machining unit can be controlled independently, giving the operator full flexibility to select the required process steps within a single pass.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, working width: 1,000 mm, type of input current: three-phase, sheet thickness (max.): 70 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 70 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 70 mm, sheet thickness copper (max.): 70 mm, sheet thickness brass (max.): 70 mm, total length: 3,800 mm, total width: 1,600 mm, total height: 2,250 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 500 kg, overall weight: 3,200 kg, working height: 70 mm, input voltage: 400 V, warranty duration: 12 months, table length: 3,560 mm, table width: 1,000 mm, workpiece height (max.): 70 mm, input frequency: 50 Hz, workpiece width (max.): 1,000 mm, operating speed: 33 mm/s, table height: 1,010 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 150 mm, grinding width: 1,000 mm, height adjustment type: mechanical, input current: 75 A, pass-through width: 1,000 mm, Equipment: CE marking, type plate available, Polish Deburring Machine – Direct from Manufacturer We are pleased to introduce our premium-quality deburring machines, manufactured in Poland by Madora Sp. z o.o., a reputable and experienced company specializing in metal and woodworking machinery. With decades of know-how and innovation, Madora is recognized for providing robust, efficient, and user-friendly solutions tailored to the requirements of industrial clients throughout Europe. Our machines deliver precision, high performance, and long-term dependability—all at competitive prices. Ledpfx Aiowzv U Hjijab The GL 1000 PZZR is a versatile deburring machine featuring four machining stations to guarantee top-quality finishing of your workpieces. The initial abrasive belt unit, together with two oscillating and rotating "Z" type units, enables comprehensive surface grinding as well as both standard and heavy-duty deburring in the preliminary stages. The final rotating station is dedicated to intensive edge rounding, ensuring perfectly finished edges on your parts. The configuration of the processing units allows for highly flexible operation after processes such as plasma or laser cutting. The abrasive belt efficiently removes excess material during deburring and grinding, making it ideal for eliminating burrs and heat-affected zones from laser-cut components. Multiple sandpaper types can be used with the abrasive belt unit to achieve specific finish requirements. The rotating unit employed in the GL 1000 PZZR is designed for heavy edge rounding and can produce an R2 profile on thicker workpieces, making it an optimal solution for demanding industrial applications.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2000, functionality: fully functional, The device comes with a new belt, a spare belt, and additional brushes. It includes a complete set of BOECK brushes with sandpaper, as well as extra wire brushes for removing oxides, as shown in the photo. The set also features a complete extraction system with industrial filters (filter ventilation unit) from Keller. Laedjx Ht Rvspfx Aiisb

Condition: excellent (used), Deburring machine for band saw blades IDEAL model SM60 to remove the residual welding bead. Ledpfx Aioxk Tb Teieab

Condition: good (used), Min. Pipe length: 100-1800 mm Lajdpfoq U Rccox Aiiob The system was previously used for deburring cut pipes!

Condition: good (used), Thread cutting machine, pipe thread cutter Laedpewyu Hfjfx Aiiob -Pipe deburrer: for thread cutting machine -Pipe size: up to inner Ø 58 mm -Dimensions: see photos -Dimensions: 270/250/H75 mm -Weight: 2.7 kg

Condition: not inspected (used), functionality: unexamined, overall weight: 700 kg, total length: 2,200 mm, total width: 1,000 mm, total height: 1,600 mm, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Submitting a bid obligates timely collection between 23/06/2026 and 26/06/2026! Lsdpfxey D S Uns Aiijab MACHINE DETAILS Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 2,200 x 1,000 x 1,600 mm Weight: 700 kg EQUIPMENT RNA Vibratory Feeder (diameter: approx. 800 mm) External reference: 33

Condition: not inspected (used), functionality: unexamined, overall weight: 700 kg, total length: 2,200 mm, total width: 1,000 mm, total height: 1,600 mm, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Placing a bid obligates timely collection between 23/06/2026 and 26/06/2026! MACHINE DETAILS Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 2,200 x 1,000 x 1,600 mm Weight: 700 kg EQUIPMENT RNA vibratory feeder (diameter: 800 mm) Lajdpfx Aiey D S S Hjieb External reference: 34

Year of construction: 2021, condition: good (used), 1 x Box Taping Machine Laodpfx Aey T Nbdsiiob Model: AS523S Year: 2021

Condition: used, Industrial Tempering / Heat Treatment Oven – Lister Machine Tools Heavy duty industrial tempering and heat treatment oven by Lister Machine Tools Ltd. Ideal for engineering workshops, toolmaking, heat treatment, metal hardening, tempering and industrial heating applications. Fitted with digital temperature controller and insulated chamber with front loading access door. Suitable for precision heating and workshop production use. Lsdpfxoy R D Tie Aiisab Features: Industrial electric tempering oven Digital temperature control Insulated heat chamber Front loading design Heavy duty industrial construction Mounted on steel stand Suitable for tooling and heat treatment work Condition: Used workshop condition with cosmetic wear from industrial use. Complete and operational. Ideal for engineering shops, fabrication workshops, blacksmithing and toolroom environments. Loading available on site. Viewing welcome. Transport can be arranged. Open to sensible offers.

Condition: used, Industrial Sheet Metal Beading / Swaging Machine (Jenny Machine) Heavy duty manual sheet metal swaging and beading machine in solid original condition. Ideal for fabrication shops, restoration work, ducting, panel making. Fitted with adjustable rollers and manual feed controls. Strong cast iron industrial construction mounted on original pedestal base. Perfect for forming beads, swages, strengthening ribs and edging work in sheet metal. Features: Manual hand operated machine Adjustable forming rollers Heavy cast iron construction Original pedestal stand Industrial workshop machine Suitable for steel, aluminium and light gauge sheet metal Condition: Used industrial condition with age-related wear and surface rust. Mechanically complete and turns freely. Ideal restoration or workshop machine. Laodpfey R Dquox Aiiob Loading available. Viewing welcome. Open to sensible offers.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 200 h, XYZ 500 LR Vertical Machining Centre (2018) Siemens 828D Control with Shop Mill, Optimised Digital Servo Drives, Rigid Tapping,Flood Coolant, Worklight, 12 Station Carousel ATC, Easy Clean Swarf Tray, Steel Concertina Guards on all axes, Powder Coated Guarding, Pull Studs, USB Port Laedpfey R S Unox Aiijb Technical Specification: X Axis Table Travel: 500 mm Y Axis Table Travel: 400 mm Z Vertical Travel: 440 mm Table Size: 580 × 400 mm Spindle Centre to Column: 415 mm Spindle to Table: 100 – 550 mm Column Front to Table Centre: 215 – 615 mm Rapid Feedrate: 20 m/min Cutting Feedrates: 1 – 20,000 mm/min Max Table Load: 250 kg Spindle Speeds: 5 – 8,000 rpm Spindle Motor: 15 kW (20 hp) Spindle Taper: BT40 Toolchanger: 12 station carousel Toolchange Time: 8 seconds Max Tool Diameter: 100 mm Max Tool Weight: 7 kg Coolant Tank Capacity: 105 L Ballscrew: Grade C3, 28 mm dia P8 AC Digital Servo Motors: X = 8 Nm, Y = 8 Nm Max Torque Z Axis: 12 Nm, 3,000 rpm Machine Weight: 2,400 kg Footprint: 1,890 × 1,982 × 2,700 mm *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79114 Machine Serial Number: SMB0146 Cost: £27,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 300 h, XYZ 560 Mini Mill 3 Axis Vertical Machining Centre Manufactured 2015 Siemens 828D Control Ex college machine less than 300hrs. Spindle Speeds 8000rpm Spindle Motor 15hp Spindle Taper BT40 Tool Magazine 12 Tools Tool Change Time 8secs X Axis Travel 560mm Y Axis Travel 400mm Z Axis Travel 500mm Table Size 610 x 370mm Spinde to Tabel 100 – 600mm XYZ Rapids 20m/min Lajdpfxey R Srgs Aiijb Cutting Feeds 1-20m/min Max. Table Load 300kg T Slots 16mm Machine Weight 3100Kgs *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79162 Machine Serial Number: MF491 Cost: £27,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, XYZ SLV Turret Milling Machine Manufactured 2011 Spindle Motor 5 hp Spindle Speeds 70 – 3600rpm Spindle Taper ISO40 Table Size 1473 x 305mm T Slot Size 16mm T Slots 3 off X Axis Travel 1000mm Lsdpjy R Skcjfx Aiioab Y Axis Travel 410mm Knee Vertical Travel 413mm Ram Travel 450mm Supplied with: Power Feed Longitudinal (X) Power Feed Cross (Y) Powerd Knee 3 Axis Digital Readout Misc Spindle Tooling Machine Manuals Air Draw Bar We can offer delivery & installation, operator training and warranties. *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79192 Machine Serial Number: 11501 £9,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, XYZ SLX555 x 3m ProtoTRAK Control Gap Bed Centre Lathe ProtoTRAK SLX Control (2017) Max. Distance Between Centres 3000mm Max. Swing over Bed 560mm Max. Swing over Gap 935mm Max. Swing over Cross slides 350mm Max. Cross slide Travel 290mm Spindle Nose D1-11 Spindle Bore 104mm Spindle Speeds 30 – 1800rpm Spindle Motor 15Hp Quick Change Tool Post Laodpfx Aiey R Rdhoijb Tailstock MT7 Tailstock Dia’ 75mm Tailstock Travel 160m Manufactured | 2012 Dimensions: L x D x H 5220 x 2150 x 1950 mm Weight 7400 kg Supplied with: 3 Jaw Chuck Indexing Toolpost Machine Handbooks TRAKing®. Constant Surface Speed. Rapid Traverse with Joy Stick. 3 Point Fixed Steady Travelling Steady Interlocking Guards Auto Lubrication. Coolant. Worklight We can offer delivery & installation, operator training and warranties. *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79001 Machine Serial Number: SLM00072 £55,000.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2001, XYZ 1224 Surface Grinding Machine Electro Magentic Chuck 304 x 609mm Max. Longitudinal Grinding Length 609mm Max. Cross Grinding Length 304mm Max. Distance from Table Surface to Spindle Centre 508mm Max. Longitudinal Hydraulic Travel 660mm Longitudinal Travel Variable 5 – 25m/min Cross Travel Automatic Increment 0.1-10mm Cross Travel Automatic Travel 304mm Cross Feed Handwheel Per Revolution 5mm Cross Feed Handwheel Per Graduation 0.02mm Down Feed Handwheel Per Revolution 2mm Down Feed Handwheel Per Graduation 0.01mm Spindle Motor Speed 3000rpm 50Hz Spindle Motor Power 5hp Hydraulic Motor Power 1Hp Standard Wheel Dia. 355mm Standard Wheel Width 38mm Stand Wheel Bore 127m Machine Weight 1700kgs Foot Print (LW) 3550 x 2550mm Supplied with: 2 Grinding Wheels Balancing Unit Lajdpfx Ajy R N Aioiiob Coolant & Dust extraction Toolbox Hydraulic Tanks Diamond Wheel Dresser 415V Electrics Machine Pads & Levelling Bolts Low Volt Work Lamp For Sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #79197 Machine Serial Number: 134046 Cost: £11,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: electric, laser type: fiber laser, laser hours: 10 h, laser power: 12,000 W, Equipment: CE marking, centralized greasing system, cooling unit, documentation/manual, dust extraction, emergency stop, fume extraction, nozzle changer, safety light barrier, Section Steel Laser Cutting Machine Bevel cutting highly enhances competitiveness Smart cutting head equipped with professional Acu3D rotary axis Achieves multi-directional, multi-angle 3D cutting (Web beveling, R-corner cutting, V bevel, Y bevel) Versatile cutting Sheet, tube, and section steel cutting in one Ljdpfx Aiow I Ilieieab One-stop processing workflow, seamlessly integrated with TEKLA Easily complete drawing import - nesting & programming - process setup - material alignment - cutting

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: electric, working width: 1,600 mm, throat depth: 400 mm, operating speed: 50 mm/s, overall weight: 3,500 kg, total length: 2,350 mm, total width: 1,700 mm, total height: 2,220 mm, warranty duration: 24 months, Equipment: CE marking, Model: GB-4016E Lajdowzqx Hjpfx Aiiob Bending pressure (KN): 400 Bending length (mm): 1600 Distance between columns (mm): 1320 Maximum opening height (mm): 430 Slider stroke (mm): 180 Throat depth (mm): 400 X-axis stroke (mm): 400 X-axis speed (mm/s): 400 R-axis stroke (mm): 140 R-axis speed (mm/s): 200 Z-axis stroke (mm): 1040 Z-axis speed (mm/s): 400 Machine power (kw): 17.2 Dimensions (mm): 2090*1265*2290 Weight (kg): 3500

Condition: excellent (used), XYZ 1500 Turret Milling Machine (Ex College) 2 Axis Newhall DRO Spindle Taper R8 Spindle speeds to 500 – 3500rpm Table Size 1069 x 228mm X – 610mm Y – 305mm Knee Travel: Z – 362mm 415V Electrics Ledpfx Aey N Ak Rjiijab Year 2014 Serial Number 103080 Stock Number 2867

Condition: excellent (used), XYZ SLX 555 x 3M CNC Lathe (2016) Stock Number 2851 Protrak SLX CNC Swing over bed 560mm Swing in gap 935mm Swing over cross slides 350mm Distance between centres 3000mm Spindle bore 104mm Additional Features Protrack SLX Control Drilling Attachment 4 Way Toolpost 3 Jaw Chuck Lasdpfox Hp I Rjx Aiieb 3 Point Steady

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, XYZ SMX 5000 3 Axis CNC Bed Milling Machine ProtoTRAK SMX Control Spindle: 7.5Hp – Programmable 70 – 5000rpm ISO40 Quill Dia 105mm Manufactured 2008 Table: 1930 x 355mm 4 off T Slots size 15.9mm Max load 850kgs Travel: X – 1524mm Y – 596mm Z – 584mm Dims: W - 5805mm D – 2530mm H – 3143mm Weight - 3100Kgs For sale with *Jet Machinery Ltd* Stock No: 79199 Serial No: 11273 Price: £24,950.00 + VAT Ljdpjy Ni Ivefx Aiieab Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, XYZ SMX 4000 ProtoTRAK CNC Bed Milling Machine ProtoTRAK SMX Control Year of Manufacture 2012 Spindle: 7.5Hp – Programmable 70 – 5000rpm ISO40 Quill Dia 105mm Table: 1474 x 355mm Max load 850kgs Travel: X – 1,060mm Y – 596mm Z – 520mm Dims without travels: W - 2370mm D – 2485mm H – 2660mm Weight - 3100Kgs For Sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #79167 Machine Serial Number: 10836 Cost: £22,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use. Lodpfeyzf Naex Aiisab

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, XYZ 2000 Turret Milling Machine (2017) (Ex College) 3 Axis Newhall DRO (X, Y & Knee) Ledpfsxxb Rrex Aiieab Spindle Taper R8 Spindle speeds to 500 – 4200 rev/min Table Size 1270 x 254mm Table Travel: X - 812mm Y - 406mm Knee Travel: Z - 406mm Quill Travel Z - 127mm For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #79047 Machine Serial Number: 12907 Cost: £9,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, XYZ 2-OP Vertical Machining Centre ProtoTRAK TMX Control (2015) Year of Manufacture: 2015 Spindle Speeds to 6,000rpm Spindle Taper BT30 Table Size 457 x 381mm Table Travels 355 x 305 x 455mm (XYZ) 6 Station ATC Rapid Traveres 15m/min Ledpfx Aioya H Nksisab Footprint 760 x 1,220 x 2500mm Weight 1100kgs 415V Electrics Air Require for ATC For sale with *Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79155 Machine Serial Number: SOP02060 Cost: £17,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.