Used Chiron Dz 28 P Five Axis for sale (52,766)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2023, CHIRON DZ 26 P five-axis Double-spindle portal machining center Year of manufacture: 2023 Siemens 840D solution line NEW MACHINE! Travel paths: 1200x1100x800 mm Spindle distance: 1,200 mm Pallet size: 800x800 mm, interference circle 1200 mm 2 axes torque swivel device A-axis +/- 120° C-axis double Tool changer: 2x36 positions, HSK-A 63 5-axis milling package Chip conveyor Kodjywu Dlopfx Ahionc Coolant system KF 400, 30 bar internal coolant supply with recooling Oil mist extraction Clamping hydraulics up to 200 bar Measuring probe Tool breakage monitoring Automatic door Loader interface And much more.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2019, Various spare parts for Chiron BAZ Rotary tables Axles Knjdpfxsz I T Aco Ahiec Ball screw and more

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, Technical data will follow... Knjdpfx Ahoz Rka Sjiec

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1998, Chiron FZ08 S - 5 axis vertical machining center Year: 1998 Technical details: CNC control: FANUC 21i-M Travel ranges: X-axis: 350 mm Y-axis: 250 mm Z-axis: 250 mm A-axis: 360° for corresponding 5-axis/rotary axis models. B-axis / swivel axis: -20° / +110°. Table size / clamping surface: 550 x 300 mm, Tool magazine: 12 tools Spindle mount: HSK-A32 Spindle speed: up to 1500 rpm Spindle motor power: 3.7 kW Machine weight: 1,820 kg Dimensions: 2050 x 2250 x 1900 mm Accessories/options: - 10 pieces tool holders, HSK-A32 - Hoffmann 4/5 axis rotary table - Documentations - Coolant tank Kodpez Inikjfx Ahionc - Precision vice Under power in our warehouse, possible to see it anytime!

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2024, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 450 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 270 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 310 mm, General: Spindle speed: 15,000 rpm Knjdpozf Admjfx Ahijc Power: 7.3 kW Tool interface: HSK-A 40 Tool changer: 40 stations Control system: Siemens 840 DsL Working area Travel in X: 450 mm Travel in Y: 270 mm Travel in Z: 310 mm Rapid traverse (X/Y/Z): 75 m/min A-axis Swivel angle: +/- 120° System accuracy: +/- 5" Drive: Torque motor Spindle speed: 100 rpm C-axis Diameter of rotary table: 198 mm System accuracy: +/- 5" Drive: Torque motor Spindle speed: 200 rpm Equipment Rotary union: 6-pole, integrated in A and C axes Chip conveyor: Drag chain, discharge height 490 mm, rear

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1998, HIRON FZ 18 S MAGNUM HIGH SPEED – 1998 – after a major factory overhaul by CHIRON For sale: a vertical CNC machining center, CHIRON FZ 18 S MAGNUM High Speed, manufactured in 1998. The machine is equipped with a Siemens SINUMERIK control system, an automatic tool changer, and a high-speed spindle designed for efficient and precise machining. It also features an oil mist extraction system with a filter, plus air conditioning for the control system. The most important advantage of the offered machine is the major inspection and overhaul carried out by CHIRON in 2020. As part of the work, key machine components were replaced, including: spindle, control computer, pumps, systems, and other components included in the modernization program. Complete service documentation is available, confirming the scope of the overhaul. Knodezdklpjpfx Ahioc Technical specifications: Manufacturer: CHIRON Model: FZ 18 S MAGNUM High Speed Year of manufacture: 1998 Control system: Siemens SINUMERIK Machine number: 493-01 Weight: approx. 7,990 kg Power supply: 400 V Connected power: 27 kVA Automatic tool changer Vertical CNC machining center The machine is complete and ready for further operation. Thanks to the major overhaul performed by the manufacturer, it represents an attractive alternative to much more expensive, newer machining centers. Complete CHIRON overhaul documentation from 2020 is available. Inspection and verification of the machine's condition on-site are possible.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, Siemens 840 SL control, twin spindle, 20,000 rpm, HSK 63, 2 x 32 tool positions, internal coolant supply at 30 bar, X 550 mm, Y 400 mm, Z 400 mm, direct measuring system, workpiece changer, laser control, Knoll coolant system, fixture flushing system, central lubrication system, automatic loading doors, year of manufacture 2016. Knodpfszb D Rnex Ahisc

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1999, travel distance X-axis: 300 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 250 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 250 mm, Vertical milling center Chiron FZ08W Fanuc 21i-M Max RPM: 15,000 rpm High-pressure spindle through-cooling X = 300 mm Y = 250 mm Kjdpfx Aexd T Rzjhienc Z = 250 mm The machine was originally supplied with 2 x 4th axis Peiseler RT 100, but the 4th axes have now been removed. Tool interface: HSK 32 ATC: 24 positions Serial: Yrzzng Machine is currently in production and can be inspected at any time. The machine is in very good technical condition. I offer a 3-month startup warranty.

Condition: repair required (used), Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 25,000 h, functionality: not functional, machine/vehicle number: 191-65, workpiece length (max.): 400 mm, workpiece width (max.): 400 mm, workpiece height (max.): 400 mm, workpiece diameter (max.): 350 mm, overall weight: 8,700 kg, spindle speed (max.): 20,000 rpm, number of spindles: 1, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, 2008 CHIRON FZ 15KS High Speed Plus 5-axis vertical machining center with Heidenhain CNC control. Machine weight approximately 8,700 kg. Chip conveyor included. The spindle is defective and has been removed. The spindle and available related components are stored in wooden crate and are included in sale. The spindle requires repair,rebuilding. Knedpfx Ahoz Hmb Asioc The machine is sold as-is and where-is. Inspection is available in Ankara,TURKEY. Asking price: EUR 30.500, negotiable. EXW Ankara.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 21,600 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 293-52, travel distance X-axis: 630 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 360 mm, controller model: Siemens Sinumerik 840D, total height: 3,000 mm, total length: 3,550 mm, total width: 3,700 mm, overall weight: 10,800 kg, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, coolant supply: 80 bar, distance between spindles: 320 mm, number of spindles: 2, number of slots in tool magazine: 24, Equipment: chip conveyor, CHIRON DZ 15 KWM HS Twin-Spindle Machining Center, year of manufacture 2011, Siemens 840D – extensively overhauled by the manufacturer in 2024 Knjdpfxoz Ngcao Ahiec Description: We are selling a vertical 4-axis twin-spindle machining center, CHIRON DZ 15 KWM HS (series 15, machine no. 293-52), with Siemens Sinumerik 840D, from our own production. The machine was used in series production until recently, is still operational, and can be inspected on site by appointment. Manufacturer overhaul by CHIRON (October/November 2024) In the fall of 2024, the machine was extensively refurbished and modernized by CHIRON’s senior service technicians over several weeks, involving more than 125 hours of work. All work is documented by manufacturer invoices and a work report. The following work was carried out, among other things: Installation of a new spindle unit including spindle flange Installation of a manufacturer-reconditioned drive motor Replacement of the control system NCU (Siemens NCU 572.5B, manufacturer-reconditioned) Retrofitting of the rotary axis measuring system from Heidenhain RCN 226 to RCN 2380 including cable Renewal of signal and power cables, cable glands, seals and coolant nozzles CHIRON Retrofit CPK2.0: Conversion of air sensing to IFM, electrical loading interface with Profibus for automatic loading systems, door safety, and additional function "machining with open protective door" in conjunction with a closed loading handling system The machine is thus prepared for easy integration into an automated production line. Technical data Travel ranges X / Y / Z: 630 / 400 / 360 mm 2 spindles, spindle distance 320 mm, max. 12,000 min⁻¹ Tool holder HSK 63, 24 tool positions Internal coolant supply 80 bar Table width 860 mm Total operating hours: 21,578 h Tool holders are available as an option for an additional charge. Sale ex works 92353 Postbauer-Heng. Assistance with disassembly and loading can be provided by arrangement. Subject to prior sale, specifications without guarantee.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, We offer you: Manufacturer: Chiron Type: FZ08 MT Precision+ high speed plus Year of manufacture: 2017 Control system: Fanuc 31i-B5 Technical data: Travel ranges: X-axis: 210 mm Y-axis: 200 mm Z-axis: 360 mm B-axis: -10° to +100° C-axis: 360° Main spindle: Speed range – main spindle: max. 54,000 rpm Drive power – main spindle (100/25%): 3.5 / 5.2 kW Torque: max. 2 Nm Turning spindle: Max. bar diameter: 32 mm Speed range: 15 – 8,000 rpm Drive power (100/15%): 9 / 12 kW Torque: max. 14.3 Nm NC 2-axis swiveling unit: Swiveling angle: -60° to +180° NC rotary table diameter: 170 mm Tool changer: Tool holder: HSK-E 32 Number of tool positions: 40 Ksdpoz I U D Uofx Ahionc Max. tool diameter: 45 / 100 mm Max. tool length: 200 mm Max. tool weight: 1.2 kg Tool change time: approx. 0.8 sec Chip-to-chip time: approx. 2.5 sec Feed rates: Rapid traverse (x/y/z): 75 m/min Operating hours: approx. 37,280 h Spindle hours: approx. 11,360 h Please refer to the PDF in the attachment for technical features and accessories. Accessories, tools shown in the images, and clamping devices are only included in the scope of delivery if this is noted in the additional information. Subject to change and errors in technical data and specifications, as well as prior sale!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2000, number of slots in tool magazine: 12, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, Chiron FZ08W Magnum vertical machining center Sinumerik 840D control Max spindle speed: 15,000 rpm X = 300 mm Y = 250 mm Z = 250 mm 2 x 4th axis Peiseler RT 100 Tool holder: HSK 32 ATC: 12 positions Ksdpfxjzznm Es Ahienc The machine is currently in production and can be inspected at any time. The machine is in very good technical condition. I am offering a 3-month start-up warranty.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1998, travel distance X-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 630 mm, controller manufacturer: SIEMENS, table width: 850 mm, table length: 1,250 mm, overall weight: 8,000 kg, spindle speed (max.): 10,500 rpm, number of slots in tool magazine: 24, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis CHIRON DZ 18 W MAGNUM was manufactured in 1998. It features an X-axis travel of 400 mm, Y-axis travel of 400 mm, and Z-axis travel of 630 mm. The machine includes a table size of 1250 × 850 mm and a tool magazine capacity of 24 tools. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the CHIRON DZ 18 W MAGNUM vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. - Control System: Siemens CNC- Spindle Taper/Chuck: SK40- Spindle Speed Range: 320 – 10,500 rpm- Tool Magazine Capacity: 2 × 12 slots (24 tools total)- Tool Change Time: approx. 1.9 s- Chip-to-Chip Time: approx. 3.9 s- Retrofit/Overhaul Date: 2021 - Complete modernization: • main spindles overhauled Knedpfxozcyh Ee Ahijc • ball screws replaced • tool changer overhauled, • axis systems/guides/bearings overhauled • hydraulic/pneumatic systems updated • electrical system and cabling modernized • safety elements replaced • geometry adjusted- Cooling System: Internal cooling (IKZ) via Knoll paper band filter and high-pressure unit (Unit Number: 646)- Chip Management: Integrated chip conveyor and swarf bin- Workholding: Hydraulic workpiece clamping on a 180-degree workpiece changing table (W-axis)- Additional Features: Prepared for 4th/5th axis integration, attached cabinet climate control unit

Condition: excellent (used), Vertical Machine Center Chiron FZ12W Magnum Sinumerik 810 M Ksdelng D Aspfx Ahijnc Max RPM 8.000 rpm./min, X = 550 mm Y = 300 mm Z = 425 mm 2 x 4th axis Peiseler RT 160 hydraulik brake Nose tool SK 40, Cooling throw spindel IK ATC 20 pcs Machine is still running the production, and can be inspected any time Machine in very good technical condition. I am giving 3 months startup guarranty

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2020, Unique opportunity to purchase this high quality CHIRON 5-axis machining center for profiles. Built and first use in 2020. The spindle was replaced in June 2022 and currently has 4500 operation hours. Machine is in very good condition and it can be inspected under power upon appointment. Availability: on request Including: Chip conveyor (scraper type) Profile bar feeder for bar lengths up to 6 m, for guiding profiles up to Ø 212 mm Coolant system TPF 350 / FKA 900 Coolant through the spindle Fixed 3D probe Type TS 27 R – RENISHAW Renishaw RLP40Q probe system Cnc control SIEMENS 840D X-axis 730 mm Y-axis 400 mm Z-axis 425 mm Knjdpfx Aheyt I Uheioc Maximum spindle speed 15,000 rpm Maximum torque 140 Nm Drilling capacity Ø 42 mm Thread tapping M30 Tool magazine capacity 20 tools Tool taper DIN 69893 HSK A63 Maximum tool diameter 65 mm Milling capacity 500 cm³/min in E355 steel Full technincal specifications in the attached document. Optional: ARMIN automatic robot cell (2024)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 21,578 h, travel distance X-axis: 630 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 360 mm, controller manufacturer: SIEMENS, controller model: 840D, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, number of axes: 4, This 4-axis CHIRON DZ15KWM HS was manufactured in 2011. Ideal for precision vertical machining, this model offers robust construction and reliable performance. If you are looking to get high-quality milling capabilities, consider the CHIRON DZ15KWM HS machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. Extra Information • Machine still under power • Table width 860 mm • Spindle spacing 320 mm • Tool positions 24 • Tool holder HSK63 • Hours 21578 • Internal coolant pressure: 80 bar Optional for extra charge Kodpfoz Ndqmsx Ahisnc • Optional for extra costs: Tool holders available. see pictures • Kuka robot (see nameplate attached for specification) • Platform, robot base, control cabinet including electronics, fence including door and locking mechanism • 3 conveyor belts including sensors, camera including lighting, automatic washing and blow-off station • Gripper including sensors, PC and touchscreen Technical Specification Taper Size HSK 63 Through-spindle Coolant Yes

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2014, x-travel 2000 mm y-travel 630 mm Ksdpfx Ahjyan Rcjijnc z-travel 550 mm Control Siemens 840 D total power requirement 7,5 - 22,5 kW weight of the machine ca. 10,5 t Maximum table load:1,000 kg / m table length Movement range: X-axis:2000 mm Y-axis:630 mm Z-axis:550 mm Speed range up to:12,000 min-1 Maximum speed range:140 Nm Drilling power:average 42 mm (with insert drill) Milling power:600 cm³/min Tool places:24 Tool shaft:HSK A 63 DIN 69893 Tool average:max. 75 mm Tool average with: free neighbouring places:max. 160 mm Tool length:max. 320 mm Tool weight:max. 8 kg (max. magazine load 100 kg Tool change time:approx. 1.5 s (depending on control

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2002, CHIRON FZ 15S with 4 axis in Perfect Condition Ksdpfergqu Hox Ahijnc Machine can be inspected any time under power

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, Chiron FZ 15 W High Speed Twin Pallet Vertical Machining Centre. Serial No. 147-18 (2002) with Fanuc Series 18i-M Control, Dual Peiseler AWUP 160 NC Rotary Units, Air Bench Mist Filtration Unit, Swarf Conveyor. Country of Origin: Germany Knjdpfx Ahjz Ar Ezoiec Location: These lots are located in Sheffield, UK. Unfortunately, there are no loading facilities on-site, dismantling and loading will be at the cost of the purchaser.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 1,800 h, FEELER VMP-1100 CNC Vertical Machining Centre with NIKKEN CNC202 FA 4th Axis Year 2012 Control FANUC 0i-MD Knjdpfez R Tn Hjx Ahioc Table size 600 x 1200 mm Travels XYZ 1100 x 610 x 600 mm Spindle nose to table 137 - 735 mm Spindle centre to column 660 mm Spindle speeds to 10000 rpm Spindle taper BT 40 Spindle motor 18.5 kW Number of tools 30 ATC Rapid traverse X & Y 36 m/min, Z 24 m/min Weight 6800 kg Supplied with: BLUM Tool Probe, Swarf Augers, Rear Swarf Conveyor, Spindle Chiller, Filtermist FX5002, Tooling Package. NIKKEN CNC202 FA 4th Axis complete with 200 mm Diameter Faceplate, 135 mm Centre Height, 115 mm Riser Block, Tailstock and Mounting Sub Plate/Table. For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #27003 Machine Serial Number: VNJ1074 Cost: £34,950.00 + VAT

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1999, machine/vehicle number: 2190, functionality: fully functional, operating hours: 3,500 h, 5 axis cnc used for many applications with new touch screen set up and adopted to new air cooled spindle, tool changer and renishaw possible Kodpfxszhaqco Ahijnc

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2006, operating hours: 9,911 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 450 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 270 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 310 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 75 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 75 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 75 m/min, nominal power (apparent): 17 kVA, total height: 2,300 mm, total length: 1,500 mm, total width: 2,600 mm, overall weight: 3,400 kg, spindle speed (max.): 30,000 rpm, spindle nose: HSK40, number of slots in tool magazine: 40, input voltage: 400 V, Equipment: documentation/manual, CNC machining center CHIRON FZ08 KS Magnum High Speed Plus (HSP) TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Year of manufacturing: 2006 CNC control : FANUC 18i-MB5 Number of axes : 7 Stroke X axis : 450 [mm] Stroke Y axis : 270 [mm] Stroke Z axis : 310 [mm] Traversing feeds X, Y and Z axes : 75000 [mm/min] Max. bar diameter in turning spindle : 32 [mm] Main spindle max. speed : 8000 [rpm] Main spindle max. power : 12 [kW] Angular A axis stroke : 360 [°] A axis indexing precision : 0.001 [°] B axis swivelling stroke : -20° / +115 [°] B axis indexing precision : 0.001 [°] Spindle type : HSK40 Max. spindle speed : 30000 [rpm] Tool changer magazin number of stations : 40 Part turnaround by robot (6th side machining) : Yes RS232 Interface : Yes Total power required : 17 [kVA] Supply voltage : 400 [V] Number of running hours : 9911 [h] Dimensions : 1500 x 2600 x 2300 [mm] Weight : 3400 [Kg] Knjdpfxox Iiw Io Ahisc EQUIPMENT INCLUDED: x1 RENISHAW TS27R tool probe x1 spindle cooling unit x1 parts catcher x1 coolant tank x1 unit for 6th face machining (gripping system not included) x29 tool holders type HSK40 BIG KAISER x10 collets type F37 SCHAUBLIN x1 washing gun x1 3-color status light x1 maintenance manual x1 electrical diagrams manual x1 operator's manual x1 programming manual Price on request, loading on truck included. Possibility of shipping Worldwide. The information on this page has been obtained by the best of our ability. Therefore, its accuracy can not be guaranteed Machine similar to brands such as Okamoto, ELB, GER, Tacchella, Karstens, Jones & Shipman, Jung, Favretto, Blohm. Internal and external grinding (ID/OD) also to be considered. Surface grinder, lathe, machining center, milling machine.

Year of construction: 2006, operating hours: 82,068 h, condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 258-22, Moving column machine in steel-concrete composite construction with workpiece changing device. Low-maintenance model from the world-renowned manufacturer CHIRON. Double spindle - vertical - machining center incl. chip conveyor KNOLL AE 1058.009 and a compound unit (already dismantled). Prescribed maintenance intervals for plant and plant parts have always been observed. TECHNICAL DETAILS Drilling capacity in steel: 60: 2 x 6 36 mm (with insert drill) Guides: with long term grease lubrication speed range: 20-12.000 rpm CNC control: SIEMENS 840D spindle distance in X-axis: 250 mm X-axis: 300 mm Y-axis: 400 mm Z-axis: 425 mm (with variable tool change plane) Kodpfx Ahemt A Ivsionc rapid traverse speed 60 m/min in X-, Y- and Z-axis Main spindle drive: 1 piece with 2 AC motors power at 100 % ED: 9,5 kW power at 15 % ED:14,0 kW Drive: digital direct drives with indirect absolute path measuring system (no reference point approach) tool places: 212 Tool diameter: max. 65 mm Tool diameter with free neighboring places: max. 175 mm Tool weight: max. 2.5 kg (5.0 kg at 2 stations) Tool change time: approx. 0.9 s (depending on control) Chip-to-chip time: approx. 2.1 s (control-dependent) Workpiece changing device: 0 / 180 Tool holder: HSK A 63 1 MACHINE DETAILS type of current: 3 / N / PE - 50/60 Hz operating voltage: 400 V power: 44 kVA rated current: 63 A Coolant system HL 450 / 900 LATE CONVEYOR Manufacturer: KNOLL Type: AE 1058.009 Year of manufacture: 2006 EQUIPMENT - CHIRON maintenance manual on screen - Operating hours and piece counter - Socket 230 V - Socket for portable mini handwheel - Control cabinet cooler as door-mounted unit - Signal lamp - splash guard cladding - chip conveyor - mini control panel - Rinsing gun - Central pneumatic connection - Fixture flushing - 70 bar HP pump - 1 internal cooling package with suction unit - Fully enclosed working chamber - Extraction unit with air cleaner - Extraction capacity 800 m³/h - CHIRON mold life monitoring with: - Automatic loading door of the splash guard - "opening" and "closing", actuation via two-hand start release - Integrated IWW 0/180° workpiece changing device - Chiron Lasercontrol Single F500 - Ethernet connection RJ45 at the control cabinet instead of in the control panel - Pneumatic and hydraulic connections - Central hydraulic and pneumatic connection prepared for max. 20 connections, 6 connections are designed including connection couplings, 4 of them for hydraulics, max. 210 bar and 2 for uncontrolled pneumatics. - 4 Additional hydraulic connection(s) - Hydraulic power unit - 2 Hydraulic aggregate extension for further clamping circuits

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, functionality: not functional, The following parts from a Chiron FZ 12 SM machining center, year of manufacture 1997, are for sale: 9 pcs. tool arms Knsdpfx Ajxdhp Eshijc 1 pc. spindle 1 pc. Siemens spindle motor

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2015, travel distance X-axis: 730 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 425 mm, controller manufacturer: FANUC, controller model: Series 31i B5, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 15,000 W, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis CHIRON DZ15W MAGNUM HS was manufactured in 2015. It features an X-travel of 730 mm, Y-travel of 400 mm, and Z-travel of 425 mm. The machine is equipped with a robust table surface measuring 1,060 mm x 430 mm. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the CHIRON DZ15W MAGNUM HS vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Quantity: 5 units available • Spindle drive: 14/15 kW • Max. torque: 95 Nm • Table surface: 1.060 mm x 430 mm Technical Specification Taper Size HSK 63 Knsdszhm Emspfx Ahijc