Used Roller Profile Bending Machine for sale (73,037)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 308, table width: 850 mm, table length: 1,250 mm, stroke length: 200 mm, bending force (max.): 42 t, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Ibjdpfx Ajz Nipcjn Ioc Bending force: 42 t Max. bending stroke: 200 mm Table length: 1,250 mm Table width: 850 mm Ram stroke: 300 mm Ram width: 200 mm MACHINE DETAILS Motor power: 4.0 kW Dimensions and weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 1,500 x 2,500 x 1,800 mm Unladen weight: 1,000 kg EQUIPMENT Documentation CE marking

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1988, - The machine was purchased new in 1988 and has been in our possession ever since. - The visual condition can be seen in the photos. Considering its age and the existing paint condition, the mechanical condition is satisfactory. - The machine is operational and can be demonstrated by prior arrangement. - The machine has been technically modified. This provides a second, higher speed for processing smaller pipe dimensions. - A protective frame has been manufactured to protect the machine, which helps to minimize external damage. The protective frame also has two mounts that can be used to prepare or mount various profiles. - The control panel has been expanded. As a result, up to 10 set values can now be pre-programmed. - The existing standard tools are included with the machine. All arbor diameters are 60 mm. - The original operating manual is available. - The scope of delivery includes a comprehensive selection of tools for various applications, including: Round tubes Flat bars for heavy and light arbors Square profiles Rectangular tubes T-profiles Angle irons Diagonal tools - A total of 15 pallets of tools belong to the machine (see photos and description). - The machine will only be sold together with the complete set of tools. - The price is ex works. The dismantling, loading, and collection of the machine must be carried out by the buyer himself or by a commissioned Isdjz Hcp Nepfx An Isbc forwarding agent. Technical specifications according to available documentation. Subject to prior sale.

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2024, operating hours: 15 h, machine/vehicle number: 121282, BENDMAK PRO 120 – Hydraulic three-roll profile and tube bending machine | 2024 | only 15.5 hours of use Ibedpfxjzzkvpo An Ijc We offer a nearly new hydraulic three-roll profile and tube bending machine, BENDMAK PRO 120, manufactured in 2024. The machine has been used only minimally. The control system currently shows only 15 hours and 27 minutes of machine operating time and 31 hours and 14 minutes of hydraulic operating time. Operating times can be verified directly on the machine's display – see photos. The machine is fully functional, in very good technical condition, and ready for immediate use. The sale includes an extensive set of interchangeable rolls/tools for bending various profiles and tubes, as shown in the photos. Technical data: Manufacturer: BENDMAK Model: PRO 120 Year of manufacture: 2024 Serial number: 121282 Machine operating hours: 15:27 h Hydraulic operating hours: 31:14 h Type: hydraulic three-roll profile bending machine Shaft diameter: 120 mm Working roll diameter: 390 mm Motor power: 11 kW Power supply: 400 V / 50 Hz Weight: 4,720 kg CE Equipment and accessories: hydraulically controlled lower rolls hydraulic side guide rolls drive for all three rolls separate mobile control panel touchscreen display multiple sets of interchangeable rolls/tools for various profiles and tubes accessories shown in the photos are included in the sale The machine can be inspected and demonstrated in operation on-site.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1978, Equipment: documentation/manual, emergency stop, foot remote control, I am offering an electro-hydraulic profile bending machine, purchased in 2012, manufactured by Roundo AB, Sweden, type: R-7S (used, workshop-inspected, and partially refurbished with standard configuration, including vertically arranged bending axes, for sale. It is fully operational and can be demonstrated under power after prior consultation. - Control panel on the swivel arm with joysticks and switches - Digital displays for the two side rollers Significant added value: Extensive tool and profile package included! Iodpoz Nhliofx An Ijbc To be able to handle customer orders in an even more flexible and individual manner, significant investments have been made in expanding the range of tools. In addition to the standard tools, you will receive: • 36 additional rollers for a wide variety of profiles. • Special tool for flat and light-duty profiles up to a height of 500 mm. • Tools for square and rectangular tubes. • Tools for various round tubes Ø (88.9 + 114.3 + 139.7 + 168.3) mm. This machine is designed according to the latest findings in the tube and profile processing industry (as of 2012). The fixed bending roller is equipped with an adjustable slip clutch, which automatically adjusts the speed of the bending roller to the workpiece being bent. The three bending axes are mounted on oscillating roller bearings. A set of complete universal bending rollers for bending angle and T-sections with flange facing inwards and outwards, flat sections upright and lying flat, and square material. The rollers are made of wear-resistant and hardened steel. They consist of three adjustable rings, allowing various profiles to be rolled. Two independently adjustable guide rollers, which can be adjusted fully hydraulically on three different axes. The guide roller unit is equipped with small, interchangeable rollers. This allows asymmetric profiles to be held flat. This is especially necessary for angle sections with the flange facing inwards. Maximum pressure valve to prevent machine overload. Thermal overload protection for both electric motors. Main switch, emergency stop switch, 24 V transformer, equipment according to UVV standards. Multi-button switch mounted on the swivel arm for operating the machine. A set of keys and tools including operating manual in German. In practice, it has been shown that the quality of bending angle steel with the existing standard roller sets leads to limited results. Extensive investment! In recent years, important core components of the hydraulic system have been professionally renewed. The execution of the work is fully documented with existing invoices: • 2021: All hydraulic hoses were completely replaced. • 2022: As part of an oil leak repair, a brand new Bauer hydraulic motor was installed. The total cost for the motor including professional installation amounted to approximately €21,000 net. • Proof is available for the hydraulic motor: Test Certificate for Hydraulic Motors, Certificate of Conformity, Manufacture Certificate, and invoices. Sales and delivery conditions: • Pricing: Ex works (net, plus VAT). • Logistics: The dismantling, loading and collection must be organized and carried out by the buyer himself or by a freight forwarder commissioned by him. • Technical specifications according to existing documents. Subject to prior sale.

Condition: new, Ostas hydraulic profile ring bending machine OPK 45 2 driven rollers Iodovmzfiepfx An Isbc Digital display Incl. standard steel roller set Description Hydraulic / motorized ring bending machine Can be used horizontally and vertically with 2 driven rollers 2 rollers motor-driven Adjustment of the upper roller hydraulic Rollers are hardened Left/right rotation using foot pedal Mounting: shaft 50mm Roller diameter at top 158 mm Roller diameter at bottom 158 mm Speed 4.5 m/min Motor power: 0.75 +1.5 kW Electrical connection 400 V According to CE standard Weight 420 kg

Condition: used, Three-roll round, three-roll sheet metal bending machine, bending machine, sheet metal bending machine, 3-roll round bending machine, profile bending machine, three-roll sheet metal rolling machine Ibedpfecx T E Rsx An Ioc -Spare part top roller -Drawing with the pictures -Max. Sheet width: 2060 mm -Max. Sheet thickness: mm -Roller diameter: 141 mm -Bearing diameter: 75 mm -Transport dimensions: 2690/141/H141 mm -Weight: 290 kg

Condition: used, Hydraulic Profile Bending Machine, Pipe Bending Machine LANG Type Ondomat 60 Serial No. 2589 Year of manufacture: 1970 Bending capacity max.: Ø 60 x 2 mm Pressing force: 20 tons Counterforce: 7.5 tons Maximum bending angle: 135° Tool stroke: 250 mm Maximum tool width: 125 mm External width of tool rocker: 90 mm Motor power: 18 kW Power supply: 380 Volt, 50 Hz - Hydraulic bending process with counterpressure cylinder for wrinkle-free bending - Up to 10 different bending angles in sequence via automatic indexing turret - Two-hand control panel - 1 set of bending dies Ø 30 mm, die width rocker = 78 mm, die width counterholder = 50 mm Required space (L x W x H): 2000 x 750 x 1500 mm Ibjdpjyi Hrwsfx An Iec Weight: approx. 2 tons Good condition

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, BENDMASTER 70 Tube and Profile Bending Machine The BENDMASTER 70 tube and profile bending machine is an industrial, non-mandrel bending machine designed for precise bending of steel tubes, square profiles, and materials with larger cross-sections. Thanks to its robust construction, automated bending angle measurement system, and powerful drive unit, the machine provides repeatability, efficiency, and reliability – even during intensive production work. It is an ideal solution for heavy industry, construction, and industrial installation applications. Main advantages of the machine Non-mandrel bending system – enables tube bending without the need for a mandrel, simplifying operation and accelerating the production process. Maximum tube capacity of 70 × 5 mm – allows processing of thick-walled steel and structural tubes. 5 kW main drive motor – provides high torque and reliable bending performance even with demanding materials. Digital bending angle display – real-time monitoring of preset and actual values enables precise parameter adjustment. Two-speed operating system – 1.2 rpm during bending and 2.4 rpm during return movement increase overall cycle efficiency. Stable welded steel construction – ensures resistance to deformation and vibration, even under heavy loads. Dies for tube diameters 38.1 mm, 48.3 mm, and 70 mm – the machine includes tooling for the most commonly used industrial tube sizes. Design and technology The BENDMASTER 70 has been designed as a non-mandrel roller bending machine with an electro-hydraulic drive system, suitable for heavy-duty operation. The powerful 5 kW main motor enables stable and safe bending of large-diameter tubes. The digital bending angle measurement system integrated with the control panel allows precise programming and monitoring of operating parameters. The machine features a compact design and can be integrated into production lines. Precision and work efficiency The BENDMASTER 70 steel tube bending machine provides complete control over the bending process. The die rotation speed during bending (1.2 rpm) ensures accuracy and process safety, while the fast return speed (2.4 rpm) improves productivity. Ijdpsvugv Ajfx An Iobc The ability to bend up to 180° allows the production of complete arcs and spiral shapes, including large-section structural tubes. The machine is designed for precise forming of components where dimensional accuracy is critical. Applications The BENDMASTER 70 bending machine is used in many industrial sectors, including: production of steel structures and load-bearing components, construction and installation industries, HVAC and heating system installations, production of railings, gates, and industrial fencing, prefabrication plants for piping systems. Standard equipment Digital bending angle measurement system Tube bending dies: Ø 38.1 mm Ø 48.3 mm Ø 70 mm Technical specifications Parameter Value Maximum tube bending capacity 70 × 5 mm Maximum square profile capacity 50 × 50 × 2 mm Maximum bending angle 180° Die rotation speed during bending 1.2 rpm Die rotation speed during return 2.4 rpm Main motor power 5 kW Overall dimensions 1300 × 700 × 900 mm Weight 680 kg

Year of construction: 1986, condition: ready for operation (used), Working width: 1250mm, max sheet thickness: 3mm, with loading table, vacuum lifter, feed table with rollers, ejector, output table, control panel and manual, inspection is possible, available from March 2024. Ibedpoq A Un Ssfx An Isc

Condition: used, Roll sets for profile bending machine, 3-roller ring bending machine HERKULES WETZLAR The rollers are suitable for a HERKULES WETZLAR profile bending machine, type BO 238 N. Shaft diameter: 60 mm with an 18 mm keyway. 2 pieces, roller set No. 1, roller diameter 110 mm, roller width = 180 mm. 2 pieces, roller set No. 2, roller diameter 160 mm, roller width = 40 mm. 3 pieces, roller set No. 3, roller diameter 150 mm, for pipe diameter Ø 33 mm, roller width 87 / 115 mm. - Roller set No. 3 with adapter ring from Ø 93 to Ø 60 mm, without keyway. Isdpfx Anjglaq Io Ijbc The machine had 2 driven rollers. Total weight of all rollers: 57 kg. Good condition.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2013, pipe diameter (max.): 30 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, emergency stop, foot remote control, hardened rollers, HUVEMA MIP30 Profile bending machine, pipe bending machine 30mm ct2437 For sale in excellent condition HUVEMA MIP30 profile bending machine, pipe bending machine Manufacturer: HUVEMA MIP 30 Ibedpfxezq Sqtj An Ioc Type: MIP 30 Year of manufacture: 2013 Rollers: 2 driven Upper roller up-down movement manually Max. shaft diameter: 30 mm Working speed: 4 m/min Bending capacity: - Flat steel: 50 x 10 mm - Square 35 mm - Closed section: 40x 40 mm - Pipe 48 x 3 mm Power: 400 V / 0.75 kW 50Hz Electric foot switch, with emergency stop Standard bending set Weight: approx. 200 kg Dimensions: W 650 x H 1350 x D:580 mm

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 10 h, Includes: Special iron turning tool ATRC 18 Special scroll bending tool ATAR 305 Spiral bending device ATSC Demonstration machine, no 10h worked! TECHNICAL DATA Shaft diameter mm. 30 Roller diameter mm. 128 Roller revolutions per minute rpm. 8.5 - 17 Drive motor Kw. 0.75 Main switch with release coil and built-in emergency (CP30 - CP30 R) - Reversing gear and double speed switch are mounted on a separate console (CP30 - CP30 R) - Foot switch Foot switch rotation control L/R with built-in emergency - (CP 30 PR) - Two-speed selector (CP 30 PR) - Mechanical regulation of the upper roller Ibedpot Akxajfx An Ijc Mechanical regulation of the upper roller with position reading on display - Two traction rollers with ribbed surface Internal machine body made of steel - Steel shafts steel shafts, hardened and ground - Gear wheels made of special special steel with ground teeth - Rollers made of special steel with a hardness of 59/60 HRC - Outer cover in ABS - Working position horizontal (CP 30) Horizontal working position (CP 30) - Horizontal and vertical working position vertical (CP 30 R - CP 30 PR) Weight: CP 30 PR 240 kg. External dimensions mm: CP30 PR Base 680 x 800 - Height 825 ACCESSORIES Straightening rollers with two positions - Universal rollers ( standard ) - Operating key Operating key - Operating instructions

Condition: good (used), Here are the official specifications of your *BPR CP30* – 30mm spindle: It is a small but very versatile machine. Capabilities for mild steel: *Manufacturer's data for BPR / Eagle CP30:* - *Flat bar to flat bar:* 80 x 15 mm max - *Flat bar on edge:* 50 x 10 mm (to be verified, but standard on CP30) - *Round tube:* 60.3 mm x 2 mm (2-3/8" x .062") - *Square tube:* 38 mm x 3 mm (1-1/2" x .120") - *Round solid bar:* 30 mm max - *Square solid bar:* 30 mm also - *Gas pipe / Pipe:* 1"1/2 Sch 40, i.e. 48.3 mm - *U-channel:* 50 x 25 x 5 mm - *Angle iron:* 40 x 40 x 5 mm (external) / 35 x 35 x 5 mm (internal) d019775a *Technical specifications:* Isdpfxezwg Rzo An Iebc - Spindle diameter: 30 mm - 2 drive rollers (the lower 2) - Bending speed: 8.5 m/min - US speed: 12 feet/min - Weight: 210-247 kg depending on version (yours is 187 kg on the plate = older, lighter version) d019 In short, it is perfect for standard locksmithing/metalworking.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, number of rollers: 3, shaft diameter: 30 mm, - Shaft diameter: 30 mm - Rotates both clockwise and counterclockwise - Usable horizontally and vertically - Foot operation Iedpfx Anjxgb A Do Iobc - Emergency stop - Documentation - 400 V

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, degree of automation: semi-automatic, actuation type: electric, number of rollers: 3, roller diameter: 118 mm, overall weight: 220 kg, power: 0.75 kW (1.02 HP), input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: three-phase, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, emergency stop, foot remote control, hardened rollers, NEW!!! LFSS PK 30 Profile bending machine, pipe bender 30mm /ct2275/ Manufacturer: LFSS Type: PK30 Year of manufacture: 2025 Horizontal and vertical operation Rollers: 2 driven Upper roller up-down movement manually Max. shaft diameter: 30 mm Isdpfx Anjxh D Nvo Ijbc Working speed: 4 m/min Bending capacity: - Flat steel: 50 x 10 mm - Square 35 mm - Closed section: 40x 40 mm - Pipe 48 x 3 mm Power: 400 V / 0.75 kW 50Hz Electric foot switch with emergency stop Standard bending set Weight: approx. 200 kg CE certification Instructions in German or English Dimensions: W 700 x H 1450 x D:750 mm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, shaft diameter: 50 mm, - Shaft diameter 50 mm - Rotates clockwise and counterclockwise - Suitable for horizontal/vertical use - Foot control - Emergency stop Ibjdpswv Ufaofx An Isc - Documentation - 400V

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2005, operating hours: 150 h, excellent condition BIRLIK PBM 35 profile bending machine, pipe bending machine for sale manufacturer BIRLIK Makina type: PBM 35 year of manufacture: 2007 Shaft diameters: 50mm Roll diameters: 155mm Upper roller diameter: 148mm Working speed: 4.5m/min Iodpfexc N Rhjx An Isbc Motor power: 1.5kw Voltage: 3phase 380v 50Hz 3.8A Machine width: 700mm Machine length: 900mm Machine height: 1400mm Machine weight: 375kg Bending capacity: I-steel - flat 120 x 15 (d 750) mm I-steel - on the edge 60 x 10 (d 800) mm Angle steel 50 x 5 (d 1200) mm Round material 35.0 (d 800) mm Max. pipe diameter 70 x 2 (d 1200) mm Square material 50 x 40 x 3 mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, Profile Bending Machine SAF Curvatrici (TUWI) DS 60 HV – Top Condition & Huge Tool Package Description: For sale is a high-quality profile bending machine, type SAF Curvatrici (TUWI) DS 60 HV, from the first owner. The machine was purchased new by us in 2001 and has been in our possession ever since. It is fully operational and can be demonstrated under power after prior consultation. Ijdjz Ix Ukspfx An Ijbc Special highlight – Modernized control system (08/2019): The control system was completely overhauled and modernized by a specialist company in August 2019. Now, 10 different feed sequences can be programmed. After a programmed value is reached, the next value is automatically approached by pressing the button again (value input in ascending order). Technical data & equipment: • Shaft diameter: 50 mm (for all three axes) • Acceptance height: 115 mm • Additional equipment from factory: 2 RCD correction rollers for bending angle iron (R/L). The original, lateral and height-adjustable shafts (38 x 250 mm) are also included. • Special modification for transport: Specially manufactured base frame for transport including four height-adjustable support plates. • Additional device for angle iron: A 10 mm thick plate was mounted on the top side. An additional hydraulic cylinder can be attached here, which pushes the vertical flange extremely close to 90° during bending (adjustable pressure depending on the angle). Note: The cylinder is not included in the standard price, but can be requested separately. Enormous scope of supply (Extremely many tools included!): The biggest advantage of this offer is the extremely extensive tool package, which is completely included in the price: • Standard tools: Complete set according to the machine’s scope of supply • 18 different roller sets: According to the list from Ø 8 mm to Ø 33.7 mm • Special tools for angle iron (according to the list) • Special tools for flat steel (light & heavy axis) • Special tools for square and rectangular tubes • Special tools for diagonal square material • Documentation: Original operating manual is fully available Note: The machine will only be sold as a complete package together with the complete tool set according to the attached list. Sales and delivery conditions: • Pricing: Ex works (net, plus VAT). • Logistics: The disassembly, loading and collection must be organized and carried out by the buyer himself or by a forwarding agent commissioned by him. Technical specifications according to available documents. Subject to prior sale.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, USED PROFILE BENDING ROLL BENDER - SOMO SHAFTS UP TO 105mm. WEIGHT 5000 KG. Ibedpfxozh D T Ie An Iec

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2008, machine/vehicle number: HEB IPE section bending roll, control type: manual, degree of automation: manual, actuation type: hydraulic, number of rollers: 3, shaft diameter: 200 mm, roller diameter: 650 mm, bending radius (max.): 1,000 mm, pipe diameter (max.): 250 mm, overall weight: 27,000 kg, input voltage: 380,440 V, input frequency: 5,060 Hz, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, emergency stop, hardened rollers, Profile bending roll hydraulic model AR200, year 2008 make MG Italy Capacity bending chart and photos in enclosed -Technical data: Output shafts size 200 mm -Machine complete with set of rollers adjustable for the various shape of profiles. -Traction tool hydraulic operated for the HEB-beam - IPE - UNP bending the hard side. -Lateral correctors left and right side hydraulic operated in 3 direction. -Included additional set of rolls for pipe 6" inches -Machine with 3 rolls driven system with individual hydraulic motor and axial gear-unit on each shaft. -The 3 shafts working on bearings, heavy duty type with sealed lubrication. -Centralized control panel movable on wheels with all electric commands. -Dual rolling speed up to 5 mtr/min with automatic balancing system between the 3 rolls. -Safety devices in compliance with European regulation. CE mark. -electric 30 Kw on the hydraulic power unit- voltage 380/50 -Digital position readout on the bending rolls -Manuals and schematics all available along with the machine. -Machine delivered in working condition. CAPACITY CHART IN ENCLOSED MG MODEL AR200 SECTION BENDING ROLL Ibodpfx Anjz Dkr He Ioc

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 111/52, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: hydraulic, Equipment: documentation/manual, foot remote control, For sale: New/unused Amob MAH 40/3 CNC profile bending machine. We purchased the machine new from Maqfort in 2022. Due to relocation of production and changes in the order profile, we found no use for the machine; it has not even been connected or commissioned. Therefore, it is a brand new machine. Ibedpfx Aoy Hn Uven Isc Equipment: Hydraulically controlled top roller feed / Can be operated in both vertical and horizontal positions / 3 mechanically driven rollers / Manually adjustable side rolls / CNC control / Movable foot pedal includes digital display, 2 pedals, emergency stop button / 3 standard (hardened) tooling rollers. Price: 25,153 euros. In case of sale, Maqfort will provide installation, commissioning and staff training according to agreement.

Condition: new, 3-Roll Round Bending Machine ORM 2070 x 140 Iodofig Apspfx An Iobc Technical Specifications: Special equipment included in the price: motorized adjustment of the bottom rollers hardened rollers motorized adjustment of the rear rollers digital display Sheet metal width 2070 mm Sheet metal thickness 5.0 mm max. Sheet metal thickness 4.0 mm for pre-bending Roller length 2070 mm Roller diameter 140 mm Weight 1730 kg Dimensions L-W-H 3230 x 880 x 1100 mm Motor: 2.2 KW Equipment: Top and bottom rollers, electrically driven Top roller can be swiveled out Taper bending device asymmetrical roller arrangement self-braking main motor separate control and operating panel safety cable CE marking

Condition: new, Ostas Hydraulic Profile Ring Bending Machine OPK 45 - 3 Special equipment included in the price: 3 driven rollers Digital display Incl. standard roll set, steel Description Hydraulic/motorized ring bending machine Ibjdpfx Aog Tzbwon Isc can be used horizontally and vertically with 3 driven rollers 3 rollers with motorized drive Feed of the upper roller hydraulically Rollers are hardened Left/right rotation via foot pedal Arbor: shaft 50 mm Roller diameter (top) 158 mm Roller diameter (bottom) 158 mm Speed: 4.5 m/min Motor power: 0.75 + 1.5 kW Electrical connection: 400 V Complies with CE standard Weight: 420 kg

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Capasity 30 cm3. Flat steel 200 x 30mm (800mm diam) flat stell standing 100 x 18mm (800 mm diam) Ibjdpfx Aezhmbujn Isc

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2009, 30 mm 30 mm L-beam 20 x 20 x 4 mm flat steel 25 x 6 mm Axis diameter 20 mm work speed 11 U/min total power requirement 0,2 kW weight of the machine ca. 80 Kg dimensions of the machine ca. 0,6 x 0,6 x 1,5 m Profile bending machine with: Isdpfx Ansv Skzds Iobc - Foot pedal for right/left rotation - Digital display - 1 set of standard rollers - 3 rollers are driven - Horizontal or vertical operation