Used Boring Mill for sale (12,728)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 4.6209, travel distance X-axis: 1,600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,120 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,750 mm, table load: 3,000 kg, spindle diameter: 100 mm, spindle speed (max.): 1,120 rpm, workpiece weight (max.): 3,000 kg, The last conventional machine standardly produced by TOS VARNSDORF Solid design Also available in CNC version RET100B and the overhauled machine W100A-R MAIN PARAMETERS Workspindle diameter 100 mm Clamping taper 50 ISO Spindle speed range 1120 rpm Table transversal travel (X) 1600 mm Headstock travel (Y) 1120 mm Table longitudinal travel (Z) 810 / 1250 / 1750 mm Spindle stroke (W) 900 mm Bedpfxjfk I Nij Aqwjll Table clamping surface max. 1500 x 1500 mm x mm Table loading capacity max. 3000 kg

Year of construction: 1989, condition: excellent (used), For sale: 1 used machining/drilling table Manufacturer: Skoda Type: E20OB22875 Year of manufacture: 1989 Dimensions: 2,000 x 2,000 mm Part weight: up to 25 tons Electrically adjustable Weight: 10 tons Bsdpfx Ajg Sbbmjqwsll

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Deutschland 2292.56 € 10 mm B 16 220 mm 250 - 3000 U/min 0,45 kW 320 mm 520 mm 820 mm 44 kg 60 mm 140 - 315 mm 300 x 250 mm 70 mm Drilling capacity / normal drilling Performance 10/12 (in E335/ST60) Robust, high quality and inclined rotation hood for easy speed reading LED lighting Quickly adjustable and ergonomic drill depth stop Stepless speed control via central rotary knob EMERGENCY STOP pushbutton Thermal overload protection Undervoltage release Drill protection with electr. Fuse Blodey Hf Rbopfx Aqwsl Connection cable with Schuko plug (1.2 m) 3 years warranty for single shift operation Art. - No. 217.400 with drill head height adjustment OPTIONS: Machine cabinet with door and drawer Drill package 2 (vice & keyless chuck)

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2007, turning length: 5,200 mm, turning diameter over cross slide: 1,140 mm, turning diameter: 1,140 mm, spindle motor power: 90,000 W, spindle speed (max.): 1,000 rpm, spindle bore: 245 mm, travel distance X-axis: 920 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 650 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 5,370 mm, mount diameter: 100 mm, rotational speed (max.): 3,200 rpm, torque: 730 Nm, spindle nose: B20, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, WFL Millturn M120/5000 Bsdpfxoul S Eys Aqwoll CNC TURNING-DRILLING-MILLING CENTER TYPE M120 MILLTURN WITH TAILSTOCK AND SINUMERIK 840 D CONTROL SYSTEM

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2000, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1110013, travel distance X-axis: 2,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,600 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,500 mm, table load: 6,000 kg, spindle diameter: 110 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis: 2,000 mm Travel Y-axis: 1,600 mm Travel Z-axis: 1,500 mm B-axis: 360° Spindle bore diameter: 110 mm Clamping area of the table: 1,250 x 1,600 mm Table load capacity: 6,000 kg MACHINE DETAILS Installation area (LxWxH): 5 x 7 x 3.8 m Installation area without enclosure: 4.5 x 7 x 3.8 m Control system: Heidenhain TNC 426M Bsdoylwrtopfx Aqwell Note: The tools shown in the images are not included in the scope of delivery or sale.

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Deutschland 2792.28 € 10 mm B 16 220 mm 250 - 3000 U/min 0,45 kW 320 mm 520 mm 820 mm 44 kg 60 mm 140 - 315 mm 300 x 250 mm Bodpfx Aqjy Hf Rzowoll 70 mm Drilling capacity / normal drilling Performance 10/12 (in E335/ST60) Robust, high quality and inclined rotation hood for easy speed reading LED lighting Quickly adjustable and ergonomic drill depth stop Stepless speed control via central rotary knob EMERGENCY STOP pushbutton Thermal overload protection Undervoltage release Drill protection with electr. Fuse Connection cable with Schuko plug (1.2 m) 3 years warranty for single shift operation Art. - No. 217.410 with intermediate table and table height adjustment via toothed rack OPTIONS: Machine cabinet with door and drawer Drill package 2 (vice & keyless chuck)

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, spindle speed (max.): 2,000 rpm, total length: 1,000 mm, total width: 800 mm, spindle mount: MK 2, type of input current: three-phase, The three-phase 380-volt motor is running smoothly. Geared headstock, with gears running in oil. Six spindle speeds are adjustable from 120 to 2000 RPM. Head height and angle are adjustable. MT2 spindle taper. Power table feed with three adjustable feed rates: 33-65-170 mm/min. Maximum distance between table and spindle: 375 mm. Cross table dimensions: 630x150 mm. Adjustable LED machine light. Emergency stop switches. Overall in good condition. Made in Austria. Dimensions: 80x100x185 cm. Includes all accessories as shown in the pictures, located on the floor next to the machine. Contact us for shipping options! Bljdpfx Aezycproqwjl €2,650.00

Year of construction: 2021, condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, The machine is unused! TECHNICAL DETAILS Rotor: Open rotor Grinding mechanism: 650 mm × 550 mm Application: Grinding of, for example, lumps MACHINE DETAILS Blsdpfjzr Hziox Aqwel Power: 22 kW Voltage: 380 V Frequency: 50 Hz Current consumption: 42.5 A Speed: 1,470 rpm Protection class: IP55 Insulation class: F Operating mode: S1 – Continuous operation Sound level: 71 dB(A) Weight: approx. 190 kg EQUIPMENT Control system Star/delta connection possible Spare parts can be supplied for an additional charge.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2004, Ref. -No.: 10520 Manufacturer: TOS VARNSDORF Type: WHNQ 13 CNC Year of construction: 2004 Type of control: CNC-Steuerung Control: HEIDENHAIN TNC 430 Storage location: Halberstadt Country of origin: Czech Republic Machine-No.: 23XX X-Travel: 3500 mm Y-Travel: 2500 mm Z-Travel: 1250 mm W-Axis: 800 mm Table Load: 12.500 kg Clamping Area: 1800 x 2500 mm Tool Taper: SK 50 Tool Piece Magazine With: 60 Pcs./pcs. Spindle Speed: 3.000 RPM Max. Torque: 3323 Nm Rapid Travel X/Y/Z: 10000 mm / min Drive Capacity - Spindle Motor: 37 / 1500 kW Weight Of The Machine Ca.: 40 t Further information: - Tools + accessories - Angle head Blsdpfxjzx Nxwo Aqwol - Angle up to 2.5m - Chip conveyor - 3D measuring probe - Clamping device Machine is still in production and can be inspected under power by arrangement.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2013, travel distance X-axis: 1,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 500 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 530 mm, spindle speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, table width: 406 mm, table length: 1,372 mm, rotational speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, overall weight: 3,100 kg, space requirement width: 2,280 mm, space requirement length: 2,900 mm, space requirement height: 2,550 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, X-axis: 1.000 mm Y-axis: 500 mm Z-axis: 530 mm Table size: 406 x 1.372 mm Spindle nose: BT 40 Spindle speeds: 1 - 8.000 rpm Bjdpfx Aqjvpl I Tswell Controller: Fagor Featured with: - Cooling unit - User Manuals Country of origin: Taiwan Motor power: 10 HP Machine LxWxH: 2.900 x 2.280 x 2.550 mm Machine weight: 3.100 kg

Condition: used, 10’-0” x 84” HARDINGE CONICAL BALL MILLS MILL SPECIFICATION Model : 10’-0” x 84” HCBM Overall Dimensions : 3050 mm diameter x 5185 mm long. Installed Power : 400 kW Absorbed Power : 320 kW Mill Speed : 20 rpm Lining : Chrome Iron Cast Liner Plates Bljdpfezvgdlox Aqwjl Media : Steel Balls (30 tonne required) Drive : Girth Gear and Pinion, Gearbox and Slip Ring Motor Trunnion Bearings : No.1 Mill - Cooper Split Roller Bearings No.2 Mill – White Metal Bearings The mills were operated by British Chrome & Chemicals Ltd (later Elementis Chromium), at their site in Cleveland, UK, processing Chrome Ore to a fineness of 99% passing 45 µm. The first mill, with the white metal bearings, was installed in around 1970. The second mill, with the Cooper Split Roller Bearings was installed in 1980. This mill is offered with a new set of Cooper Trunnion Bearings. Both mills were in operation until the site closed in 2009 and have been in storage ever since. Equipment is offered in "as is" condition with no warranty given or implied. PPDS can offer full refurbishment services. Inspection is invited at our premises in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, United Kingdom (close to East Midlands, Birmingham and Manchester airports). Powder Process Design Services Ltd has been supplying equipment and systems to the industrial minerals sector for over 20 years. We specialise in the design and supply of minerals processing systems using a combination of new and s/hand refurbished equipment. With approaching 40 years experience we aim to deliver projects that meet and indeed exceed expectations. We have satisfied customers throughout the world, including, the United States, South America, New Zealand, South Africa the Middle East and the UK and Ireland. Please check out our other listings and subscribe to our stock list.

Condition: used, HARDINGE Conical Ball Mill Bledpfx Aqjzvgvnewel 6’-0” dia x 36” ball mill for the dry grinding of industrial minerals. Mill fitted with Manganese steel liners for operation will steel ball grinding media. White Metal Bearings on trunnions. 90 kW Motor fitted (could be reduced to 75 kW). Mill with countershaft drive but could be converted to gearbox.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2009, Ref. -No.: 10026 Manufacturer: SCHIESS Type: VMG4 MA90 Year of construction: 2009 Type of control: CNC-Steuerung Control: Siemens Sinumerik 840 D Storage location: Halberstadt Country of origin: Deutschland Turning Diameter: 5000 mm Turning Diameter Over Bed: 4000 mm Spindle Speeds: 0 - 120 RPM Clamping Diameter: 4000 mm Cross Travel: 420 x 340 mm Max workpiece height: 3000 mm Main Drive: 52 kW Max. Tension: 120000 N Max. Payload: 50 t Power Capacity - Table: 110 kW Max torque faceplate: 100 kNm Further information: Automatic tool changer with 80 positions (AAC) Automatic attachment changer for 6 milling heads Live spindle C-axis table Travel of the Y-axis gantry columns Drilling and milling head (master head principle) Straight drilling and milling head GB-1B Renishaw RBP 60 touch probe Hand terminal Teleservice Internal and external coolant Bedpfx Ajzx Nw Teqwsll Operator cabin Chip conveyor SADDLE (X-AXIS): Horizontal movement from the center to the right side 4,800 mm Horizontal movement from the center to the left side 3,100 mm Vertical distance between the saddle rails 1,400 mm Speed / range 0 - 16,000 mm / min GANTRY TRAVEL (Y-AXIS): Gantry stroke 5,000 mm Feed 0 - 16,000 mm / min RAM (Z-AXIS): Maximum cutting force when turning 60 Kn Enter minimum bore 550 mm Guide length 1,600 mm Speed / feed range 0 - 16,000 mm/min Spindle speeds: Range 1 rpm Range 2 0 - 1,100 - 3,150 rpm Spindle torque: Range 1 2,400 - 2,400 - 850 Nm Range 2 450 - 450 - 160 kNm

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1994, operating hours: 1,930 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 7,200 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 4,200 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,750 mm, feed rate X-axis: 15,000 m/min, feed rate Y-axis: 15,000 m/min, feed rate Z-axis: 15,000 m/min, total length: 15,000 mm, table length: 5,000 mm, total width: 15,000 mm, spindle speed (min.): 10 rpm, spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, total height: 7,500 mm, table height: 1,350 mm, distance between stands: 3,500 mm, type of input current: AC, table load: 65,000 kg, workpiece weight (max.): 65,000 kg, distance table center to spindle nose: 2,300 mm, overall weight: 210,000 kg, spindle motor power: 50,000 W, MACHINE DATA Bjdpfx Aevv N I Reqwoll Machine type: Portal milling machine - double column for continuous 5 axis operation Manufacturer: WALDRICH COBURG Model: 15 S - 10 FPF 300 NC Year of construction: 1994 Condition: Fully refurbished 2015 Functionality: fully functional Operating hours: 2,931 h TECHNICAL DETAILS Number of controlled axes: 5 travel distance X-axis: 7,200 mm travel distance Y-axis: 4,200 mm travel distance Z-axis: 1,750 mm spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm working width: 3,500 mm PROVISION Machine location: Ljubljana, Slovenia Availability: now Delivery conditions: FCA Pick up at location: Ljubljana Shipping costs: upon request Planer-milling machine - double column: completely overhauled in 2014 / 2015 by Waldrich Coburg (basically everything except the casting): > New control unit > New cables > New motors > New electrics > Guideways overhauled DESCRIPTION - Heavy double-column machine for processing complex shapes - 2 pallet stations with 2 pallets (load capacity 65t each) - Machine with CNC control SIEMENS 840D sl - In 2014, conversion of the control system to SIEMENS 840D sl (incl. complete cabling and control cabinet) - in 2015 replacement of all axis motors - Various angle milling heads - NC-controlled milling head with 50 kW milling power / clamping 2.5° each with Hirth serration (type USP300C450F15S) - 2-axis NC-controlled fork head with 40 kW milling power (type UFN00SZ500) - Automatic tool changer for 76 tools (ISO 50 and 60) TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X / Y / Z: 7,200 / 4,200 / 1,750 mm Milling width: 3,500 mm Distance spindle nose to table: 2,300 mm Milling power: 50 kW Speed: 10 - 4,000 rpm Front spindle diameter: 150 mm Spindle holder: ISO 60, ISO50 Control: Siemens 840D sl Pallet size: 3,000 x 5,000 mm Pallet load: max. 65 t Number of pallets: 2 pieces Tool changer: 76 slots Feed rate: 10 - 15,000 mm/min MACHINE DETAILS Pick-up power: 92 kW Weight: 210 t Spindle hours: 2,931 h Switch-on time: 10,870 h Bed dimensions: 12.5 x 2.3 x 0.78 m; 28.5 t Pallet dimensions: 5.35 x 3.0 x 0.4 m; 22 t Main pallet carrier dimensions: 5.1 x 2.9 x 0.5 m; 25 t Dimensions of bed section: 3.8 x 2.9 x 0.5 m; 10 t Milling spindle box dimensions: 4.1 x 1.9 x 1.5 m; 13.5 t Left/right column dimensions: 4.1 x 1.3 x 1.7 m; 10.5 t Exhaust air slide dimensions: 8.5 x 0.7 x 1.2 m; 1.1 t Control cabinet dimensions: 7.9 x 0.6 x 2.1 m; 2.8t THIS IS A TOP CLASS MACHINE FOR MOST ACCURATE WORK; HIGHLY EFFECTIVE. MACHINE IS ASSEMBLED AND UNDER POWER:

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2009, operating hours: 3,483 h, functionality: fully functional, total length: 5,550 mm, total width: 2,250 mm, bar diameter (max.): 95 mm, overall weight: 8,400 kg, Max. workable diameter from bar mm 95 Max. workable diameter from recovery mm 500 Max. workable length mm 1250 Max. rotating diameter mm 700 MAIN ELECTROSPINDLE: Variable rotation range rpm 40-2800 ASA spindle nose 8" Spindle hole mm 111 Internal diameter of bearings mm 150 Self-centering diameter mm 315 Motor power kW 30 TAILSTOCK TO FOLLOW: Positioning stroke mm 1,100 Blsdevv Ud Repfx Aqwsl Quilt stroke mm 150 Quilt diameter mm 115 MOTORIZED ELECTROSPINDLE HEAD: Type of attachment HSK-63 Max. revolutions RPM 6,000 Electrospindle motor power Kw 9 B AXIS UNIT: Total rotation range 205° Rotation range beyond the tailstock axis 15° Rotation range beyond the spindle axis 10° Angular position with mechanical block Every 5° CROSS SLIDE Max. Z stroke mm 1300 Max. X stroke mm 520 Max. stroke Y mm 210 (+120 – 90) TOOL MAGAZINE Magazine capacity 40 pos Max. diameter of tools with adjacent tools mm 80 Max. diameter of tools without adjacent tools mm 140

Condition: new, 1 brand-new universal milling head system "HURON" Manufacturer: EMENA Model: V 0, ISO 40, standard Technical data: Mounting: ISO 40 Overhang: 270 mm Nominal drive power: 5 HP Bsdpfx Aqsbpmv Sowoll Max. speed: 1800 rpm Weight: approx. 32 kg Design: Standard, with adapter plate / mounting flange, head side finished, machine side unfinished, for subsequent installation on conventional, NC or CNC milling machines or drilling machines of any type, "HURON" system Option: - Adapter plate, head side fully machined, machine side with allowance for machining - Extended version Delivery time: approx. 3 months, after order receipt and payment Images are similar! Siegfried Volz Werkzeugmaschinen Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 DE - 44143 Dortmund-Wambel

Condition: new, Type / Model: for WMW drilling machine Overall length: 1,140 mm Diameter of the rod area: 50 mm Length of the chuck sleeve: 190 mm Diameter of the sleeve: 78 mm Chuck: MK 5 Condition: apparently unused Weight: Dimensions: 1,140 x 78 mm Bsdpfxjbptmde Aqwjll

Condition: used, Wema Probst profile milling machine Main motor: 11 kW Bledpfx Aqoc N N U Nowol Disassembled and ready for loading.

Year of construction: 1975, condition: excellent (used), daylight width: 70 mm speed: approx. 15 m/min working direction: any work roll diameter: 80 mm Blsdep E Efvepfx Aqwsl

Condition: used, Spindle Bsdpjp I T Rqofx Aqwjll 3.5 - 16 - 10 kVA 2750 - 14660 - 23660 RPM Inspection is possible at my warehouse after prior appointment. Collection or shipping are both possible.

Condition: like new (used), Edge milling machine for deburring/beveling of various internal and external contours Bevel size adjustable up to max. 10 mm at 45° Cutter 45° / 8 blades double row – KIF/MF. For steel, light metal, stainless steel, cast iron, non-ferrous metals Includes 21 packages of 10 indexable inserts X11.30.35.45 P25 BS TiCN Bedpfjtwcn Rjx Aqwsll Includes 7 packages of 10 fastening screws for X11.30.35.45 Available at extra cost: 1 milling head 30° 1 milling head 35° 1 milling head 45° 1 milling head 60° Ex works, excl. VAT.

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 1999, functionality: fully functional, WE OFFER MIKRON CNC Bedpfx Aovnz Exeqwsll AN VERY EXCELLENT OPORTUNETEY TO BUY AN NEW CONDITION MACHINE MACHINE IS BRAND NEW CONDITION- NEWER USED FOR ANY WORK.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, Description WE OFFER AN NICE CONDITION TWO MACHINES EMCO HYPERTURN 665 WITH BARR FEDERS AND TOOLS ACCESSORIESS YEAR: 2005 FULLY FUNCTIONAL , READY TO WORK CONNECTED ON POWER. FOR THE CUSTOMER WE ORGANIZE DISMANTLING LOADING AND TRANSPORT Description For sale: Well-maintained EMCO Hyperturn 665 MC Plus IEMCA Master 880MP-E bar loader, chip conveyor, and high-pressure coolant pumps! Machine was exclusively used for machining brass parts! CNC Turning and Milling Center | EMCO Hyperturn 665 MC Plus with main and sub-spindle, C and Y axes, dual turrets each with 12 driven tool stations! Technical Data: Swing diameter over bed: 600 mm Swing diameter over cross slide: 500 mm Control: Siemens Sinumerik 840D Max. turning diameter: 430 mm Max. turning length: 744 mm Max. bar capacity: 65 mm Travel - X: 270 mm Travel - Z: 750 mm Travel - X2: 205 mm Travel - Z2: 750 mm Travel - Y: 100 (+/- 50) mm Main spindle speed: 0 - 5,000 rpm Sub-spindle speed: 0 - 7,000 rpm Tool turret: 2x 12 positions, all driven! Tool holder: VDI 30 Upper turret: X, Z, Y axes Lower turret: X, Z axes Sub-spindle traverse (left/right): Z3 axis C11 spindle: 65 mm diameter (hollow chuck cylinder) C12 spindle: 45 mm diameter (solid chuck cylinder) with part ejector Tool turret type: Sauter 2x 14 bar high-pressure pumps Accessories: Complete tooling cabinet with driven and static toolholders as well as carbide inserts and tool holders Collet chucks for main and sub-spindle Full documentation etc. Machine available immediately! Ready for operation! Loading will be handled by us! Transport can be organized upon request! Blodpfx Aqevk E Atowsl TECHNICAL DATA: Specifications: Max. swing diameter 430 mm dia. Max. rotary. About Bed 600 mm Dia. Turning length 744 mm Distance between spindle lugs 975 mm Main engine power 21/29 kw Main spindle speed range 0-5000 rpm Bore through drawing tube 65 mm dia. C axis - main spindle movement 0.001 degree Y axis 100 +/- 50 mm B Axis Movement Stepless 45 Degree Tool turret 1 with 12 VDI 30 stations Powered stations turret 1 12 pc. - 4000 rpm Y+B pieces. Engine power driven tools 6.7 Kw Tool turret 2 with 12 pc. VDI 30 stations Counter spindle C axis - counter pindel movement 0.001 degree Counter spindle speeds 0-5000 D46485 Pr/min Motor power counter spindle 17/22 Kw Control Siemens 840 D Controlled in 8 axis - x1-x2-z1-z2-c1-c2-y-b axes Accessories: BAR FEDER AND HUGE LIST OF TOLLINGS ON PHOTOS Length: 3400 mm + convoyer , Height: 2300 mm, Width: 2550 mm, Weight: 7600 kg

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2002, functionality: fully functional, Specifications Manufacturer HARDINGE Model HARDINGE TWIN SPINDLE LATHE QUEST 8/51 Year 2002 Bljdpfx Aqjvk E Ddowel Description 2002 HARDINGE QUEST 8/51 CNC SUB SPINDLE, DRIVEN TOOLING LATHE WITH GE FANUC SERIES 16I-T CONTROL 150mm Dia 3 Jaw Power Chuck. Collet Chuck Sub Spindle, 12 Station Turret. Quantity Of Static & Driven Holders. S/No. QC-28 (2002).

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, travel distance X-axis: 750 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 750 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 725 mm, CNC control Sinumerik 840D NC-rotary table B-axis automatic tool changer for 320 tools Bodpfjq Ui Hqex Aqwsll pallet changing device, 2 pallets 500 mm x 500mm coolant through spindle device IKZ (80 bar) chip conveyor coolant device Technische Daten / technical details: X-Weg längs / X-travel longitudinal 750 mm Y-Weg senkrecht / Y-travel vertical 750 mm Z-Weg quer / Z-travel cross 725 mm B-Achse / B-axis 360 ° Spindelaufnahme / spindle taper HSK 63A Drehzahlbereich Spindel / spindle speed 50-10000 Upm /rpm Werkzeugplätze / tool places in changer 320 Vorschub / infeed 60000 mm/min Eilgang / rapid feed 60 m/min Antriebsleistung Spindel 40/100% ED / drive capacity spindle 40/100%ED 37/24 kW Gewicht der Maschine ca. / weight ca. 15000 kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding.