Used Cylinder Grinding Machine for sale (79,550)

Condition: used, Cup Surface Grinding Machine / Cylinder Head Grinding Machine Max. grinding area: 835 x 200 mm Electromagnetic clamping plate: 500 x 200 mm Machine dimensions (L x W x H): 2070 x 900 x 1600 mm Nljdpfx Anewlbz Tjgeh Machine weight: 1000 kg Siegfried Volz Werkzeugmaschinen Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 DE - 44143 Dortmund - Wambel / Germany

Condition: not inspected (used), Year of construction: 1976, Spitzl. Cylindrical grinding machine Nomoco M100 Offered here is a grinding machine from the company Nomoco of the type M100. Technical data: Manufacturer: Nomoco Type: M 100 year of manufacture: 1976 Nlsdpfx Ashc S Spongeh max. grinding diameter: 100mm max. grinding length: 180mm grinding wheels: Ø 400mm max. grinding wheel width: 180mm weight: 3,2t grinding type: plunge grinding

Condition: ready for operation (used), For sale: SHAANXI MACHINE TOOL WORKS M1432A universal cylindrical grinder, 1000 mm center distance. Technical specifications: Manufacturer: Shaanxi Machine Tool Works Type/Model: M1432A Center distance: 1000 mm Max. grinding diameter: 320 mm Center height: 180 mm External and internal grinding Power supply: 380 V / 3 phases / 50 Hz Connected power: 8 kVA Protection: 35 A Machine number: 177 Nedpfez Hu Dlsx Angolh Weight: approx. 5300 kg Operational. Ready for use. The price listed in the advertisement is the net price, to which VAT must be added. The machine can be viewed in Starachowice at ul. Kwiatkowskiego 13. Contact by phone from 7:00 AM to 3:00 PM.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1968, Malcus MC40 Centerless Cylindrical Grinding Machine Manufacturer: Malcus Halmstad, Sweden Model: MC-40 Year of Manufacture: 1968 Control Panel: Mechanical push-button control with main switch and emergency stop Grinding Units: Two opposing units with adjustable guide and grinding supports Machine Construction: Heavy-duty cast iron frame Condition: Used, fully functional The Malcus MC40 is a robust centerless cylindrical grinding machine made in Sweden, renowned for its reliable precision during continuous industrial operation. The machine features a solid cast iron construction which minimizes vibration and ensures consistent grinding results. Its opposing grinding and guide assemblies can be precisely adjusted, making it ideal for machining rotationally symmetrical workpieces. An integrated dressing device keeps the grinding wheel in optimum condition during use. The mechanical control panel with its clearly arranged elements enables intuitive operation of the grinding process. Designed for high stability and long service life, this machine is an excellent choice for workshops and production facilities seeking a dependable solution for centerless grinding. Nsdex Aq A Eepfx Angjlh No guarantee is provided for the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the information given.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, 2001 Kellenberger CNC Grinder KEL-VARIA RS175/1000 Nljdjywftdopfx Angjh

Condition: used, Technical details: grinding diameter: 600 mm grinding length: 2600 mm centre height: 180 mm workpiece diameter - max.: 360 mm Njdpfx Ajw Rktbengelh swing diameter: 600 mm grinding wheel diameter: 600 x 305 x 160 mm total power requirement: 17,6 kW coolant device: 90 l/min work piece spindle speed: 12,5-250 U/min feed continuous: 0,05 - 6,0 mm weight of the machine ca.: 8,2 t dimension machine xH: 6,4 x 2,2 x 1,9 mm Final balance balancing device Tailstock with cylinder error correction Digital display X=0.001 - Z=0.01 Radius device 2-10 mm *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, center height: 180 mm, total width: 1,650 mm, total length: 4,900 mm, total height: 1,800 mm, overall weight: 3,900 kg, grinding length 1500 mm centre height 180 mm Nedpfxjwm Rqgo Angelh weight of the machine ca. 3,9 t dimensions of the machine ca. L: 4900 x 1650x 1800 m

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1969, BHU 40/1500 TOS Hostivar Cylindrical Grinder Grinding diameter 400 mm Grinding length 1500 mm Maximum workpiece weight 300 kg Grinding wheel: 600 x 150 mm Longitudinal travel of the table (x-axis): 1 – 1790 mm Grinding head swivels +/- 45° Table swivels +/- 5° Spindle taper: Morse 5 Maximum rotational speed of the grinding wheel spindle: 1240 rpm / 2100 rpm Nledpfszg H E Rsx Angjh Total power consumption: 22 kVA Machine weight: approx. 7000 kg Cooling system: none Accessories: none

Condition: good (used), Distance between centers: 760 mm Maximum travel on the Z axis: 650 mm Maximum grinding length: 430 mm Maximum grinding diameter: 250 mm Height of centers: 125 mm Maximum grinding wheel diameter: 500 mm Maximum travel on the X axis: 320 mm Nsdpfx Asv Tmtljngjlh CNC brand: FANUC CNC model: 18TB Main motor power: 7.5 kW Z and X axis resolution: 0.1 µmm Workhead taper: MORSE 5 Workhead hole diameter: 38 mm Tailstock taper: MORSE 4 Workhead rotation speed: 8 to 800 rpm Dimensions (length x width): 2500 x 2000 mm Weight: 4700 kg

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2026, Karstens K11 1000, Fully Equipped This cylindrical grinding machine has been completely overhauled at PS-Karstens. The machine has been inspected and is in very good condition. Since we specialize in Karstens cylindrical grinding machines, we can offer you a complete service (electrical and mechanical) for the machine after purchase. Technical Data: Center distance: 1000 mm Center height: 180 mm Workpiece weight: 100 kg (overhanging), 250 kg (between centers) Grinding wheel diameter: 400 mm Workpiece spindle: MK 4, stepless speed adjustment 30-450 rpm, swivel range 0 - 90 ° Tailstock: MK4, quill stroke 45 mm, fine adjustment with cylinder Quill force: 200-600 N, hydraulically operated via foot pedal Table inclination: 10 degrees Adjustment travel of the feed spindle: 80 mm Rapid traverse: 50 mm Coarse adjustment with air cushion: 280 mm Grinding spindle motor (external): 4 KW Grinding spindle motor (internal): 2.2 KW Workpiece spindle motor: 0.55 KW Machine weight: Net 3800 kg Feed drive via DC motor Air cushion-assisted rapid adjustment of the grinding spindle head for quick and safe approach to the grinding position. Separate drive for the spindles for external and internal grinding. Fully automatic operating sequence, feed movement via a wind rose switch: Rapid traverse forward, rapid traverse backward, grinding operation, feed stop, incremental feed. Automatic longitudinal grinding cycle Central coolant supply for all grinding points Workpiece spindle head with steplessly adjustable drive with a rotating and lockable spindle. Feed control for longitudinal grinding and plunge grinding, input for retraction, feed amounts, feeds, dwell times, rapid traverse Digital displays for grinding spindle B-axis, workpiece spindle, X-axis, Z-axis from HEIDENHAIN Paper band filter system, approx. 250 L Nljdpsh Riwdofx Angsh Similar to Weiss/EMAG/GP cylindrical grinding machines/Studer/Kellenberger/Schaudt/Tschudin/Tacchella/Dannobat /Bahmüller/Fortuna

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 1992, machine/vehicle number: 92 0 20 10 19 031, total width: 1,900 mm, total length: 4,000 mm, total height: 2,000 mm, distance between centers: 1,200 mm, spindle speed (max.): 1,600 rpm, grinding spindle speed: 1,600 rpm, overall weight: 1,900 kg, input voltage: 380 V, We are offering this refurbished Karstens K19-1000 cylindrical grinding machine, manufactured in 1992. Nodpfoz Dalisx Angelh Voltage: 380 V Rated current: 48 A Inrush current: 126 A Fuse in the supply line: 35 A Control current: 2.5 A Machine weight: 1.9 t If you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to send us a message or call us.

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Mitutoyo length measuring system, model KA 12 (for longitudinal and transverse movement) Retrofitting with a CNC control system for the draw-in device, including air conditioning unit, Center distance: 630 mm, the machine has no tailstock and was specifically used for chucking operations, Max. grinding diameter: 280 mm, Max. grinding wheel size: 400 x 40 x 127 mm (not included in the scope of supply), Grinding spindle speed: 2040 rpm, 6 speed stages of the tool spindle: 22.4 to 280 rpm, Drive motor: 4 kW, Accuracy / smallest division value: 0.001 mm, Nlsdpfxezv Uhrs Angjh Taper in tailstock and tool spindle: Morse 4 Largest table longitudinal travel: 760 mm, Weight between centers: 120 kg, Total power consumption: approx. 9.3 kW, Machine weight: approx. 2600 kg, Machine dimensions: L 3075 x W 1650 x H 1500 mm Year of manufacture: corresponds to the serial number: 1989 - 1991 Swiveling headstock (± 90°) and grinding head (± 45°), Hydraulic table movement and automatic feed, Cooling system, Machine lighting, Operating manual in German and electrical diagrams.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 2018 Röders RXP 400 CNC, Applications Ideal for high-precision machining applications, including: Micro-machining Electrode manufacturing Small mould manufacturing Precision components Nsdpfx Anoz Tqwcsgelh High-speed milling applications Documentation The Röders calibration protocol is available to document the calibration work carried out by the manufacturer's engineer.

Condition: used, Universal external and internal cylindrical grinding machine ERWIN JUNKER, Type BUAJ 29 NC External cylindrical grinding machine, internal cylindrical grinding machine Manufacturer's No. 3126, Year of manufacture 2001 Center distance max. 800 mm Workpiece grinding length max. 800 mm Center height 150 mm Swivel diameter max. 295 mm Workpiece weight max. 120 kg Njds Aard Nepfx Angjlh Workpiece spindle speed 20 - 750 rpm Spindle stock, internal taper MK 5 Spindle stock, short taper flange DIN 55027, Size 5, Ø 82 mm Spindle stock, spindle bore 36 mm Spindle stock adjustment 355 mm Tailstock, internal taper MK 4 Grinding wheel diameter max. 400 mm Grinding wheel width max. 63 mm Grinding wheel bore Ø 127 mm Grinding wheel peripheral speed 45 m/sec Automatic spindle stock feed 0.001 Manual feed 0.001 mm Hydraulic table movement 0-7.5 m/min Motor power, grinding spindle 7.5 kW Motor power, workpiece spindle stock 1.1 kW Motor power, internal grinding unit 1.75 kW Mains connection 400 Volt, 50 Hz - FANUC control, Type Power Mate-Model D - Grinding spindle stock swivels from +45° to -15° - Workpiece spindle stock swivels 90° - Table can be tilted for taper grinding up to 8°30" - Support/pinole for the workpiece spindle stock with internal taper MK 4 - Internal grinding unit for swiveling in - Internal grinding spindle with collet chuck, Ø 6 mm - Coolant system located beside the machine - Machine equipped with one grinding wheel, Ø 400 x 50 mm - 1 three-jaw chuck TOS, Ø 160 mm - 1 mechanical round magnetic chuck, Ø 200 mm - Collet chuck system with various collets - Various attachments for the internal grinding unit - 1 diamond grinding wheel dresser - Other accessories as shown in the pictures - Operating manual, hydraulic diagram, electrical diagram Space requirement for cylindrical grinding machine with band filter L x W x H 3200 x 2500 x 1900 mm Weight 5000 kg In very good condition

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2026, Karstens K11 650 Premium Retrofit Round Grinding Machine Manufacturer: Karstens Technical Specifications: Center distance: 750 mm Center height: 180 mm / (250 mm = Option) Workpiece weight: 100 kg cantilevered, 250 kg between centers Grinding wheel diameter: 400 mm or 500 mm (external grinding wheel) Workpiece spindle: MK 4, speed continuously adjustable 30-450 rpm, swivel range 0 - 90 ° Tailstock: MK4, quill stroke 45 mm, cylindrical correction Quill force: 200-600 N manually, (up to 2500 N possible, adjustable = Option) Table inclination: 12.5 degrees Travel of the feed spindle: 80 mm Rapid traverse: 50 mm Rough adjustment with air cushion: 280 mm Grinding spindle motor, external: 4 kW / (5.5 kW = Option) Continuously adjustable grinding wheel speed with potentiometer Grinding spindle motor, internal: 2.2 kW Workpiece spindle motor: 1.1 kW Hydraulic motor: 1.5 kW Nedeiv Audepfx Angolh Lubrication motor: 0.1 kW Hydraulic tank: 80 liters Machine weight: Net 3500 kg Feed drive via DC motor Air cushion-supported rapid adjustment of the grinding spindle head for quick and safe positioning to the grinding location. Separate drive for the spindles for external and internal grinding. Fully automatic operating sequence, feed movement via wind rose switch: Rapid traverse forward, rapid traverse backward, grinding operation, feed stop, incremental feed. Automatic longitudinal grinding cycle Central coolant supply for all grinding points Workpiece spindle head with continuously adjustable drive with a co-rotating and lockable spindle. Feed control, digital with Siemens panel and Siemens PLC for longitudinal grinding and plunge grinding, input for retraction, feed increments, feeds, dwell times, idle strokes, compatible with the old Karstens feed control, with color Siemens touch panel Scale in X and Z axes, manufacturer HEIDENHAIN. Similar to Weiss / EMAG / GP round grinding machines / Studer / Kellenberger / Schaudt / Tschudin / Tacchella / Dannobat / Bahmüller / Fortuna.

Condition: good (used), Hydraulic cylindrical grinding machine Center height 100 mm Center width 500 mm Grinding wheel diameter min./max. 200 - 300 mm 3 grinding wheel revolutions 2,250 - 2,420 - 2,680 rpm Workpiece spindle head: 8 workpiece speeds, adjustable 30 - 750 rpm. Spindle taper or inner taper of the workpiece spindle MK 4 Tailstock: Inner taper of quill MK 3 Quill travel 30 mm Table: Nloder E Azijpfx Angeh Maximum table inclination +/- 6° Table speed, adjustable 0.1 - 6.0 m / min. Motor power 3 kW Dimensions L x W x H 1650 x 1350 x 1400 mm Weight 1900 kg Accessories / Special features: - Manual or automatic operation - Automatic infeed - Grinding wheel flange with grinding wheel - Wet grinding device Siegfried Volz Machine Tools Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 DE - 44143 Dortmund-Wambel

Condition: used, This Jones & Shipman cylindrical grinding machine with digital display, model 1074, is being auctioned online as part of our industrial auction / machine auction, NACHAUKTION, due to the closure of the J&S GmbH Automotive Technology location – BGA – warehouse, shelving, and materials. Nljdpj Aa Smkjfx Angoh You can find this and many other items on our platform.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, center height: 125 mm, overall weight: 4,700 kg, We are offering this used Kellenberger KEL-VISION cylindrical grinding machine, manufactured in 2004, for sale. Type: KEL-VISION Weight (max.): 4700 kg Year of manufacture: 2004 Machine No.: 665100 Nledpfx Ajy Uriajngoh Includes a Universal Robots UR5 robot. If you have any questions or require further information, please feel free to send us a message or call us.

Condition: used, Cylindrical grinding machine, external cylindrical grinding machine, internal cylindrical grinding machine, centering grinding machine, center grinding machine -Precision universal cylindrical grinding machine -Max. Shaft diameter: 203 mm -Max. Grinding length: 490 mm Nsdefig Suspfx Angolh -Collet: Ø 32 x 87 mm -Grinding wheels diameter: 160 mm -Dimensions: 1660/1500/H1500 mm -Weight: 1802 kg

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, center height: 125 mm, grinding length: 600 mm, grinding diameter: 249 mm, control cabinet length: 1,200 mm, control cabinet width: 40 mm, grinding spindle speed: 1,530 rpm, control cabinet height: 1,500 mm, overall weight: 3,250 kg, For sale is a cylindrical grinding machine manufactured by Kellenberger. The machine is in very good condition. Make: Kellenberger Model: R 125x600 Technical Specifications: Centre distance: 600 mm Centre height: 125 mm Workpiece diameter: 249 mm Power requirement: 10 kW Table: Travel: 700 mm Travel per handwheel turn, coarse/fine: 20/2.5 mm Speed, hydraulically adjustable: 0.02–6 m/min Minimum reversing travel: 1.5 mm Dwell time at reversal, adjustable: 0–5 sec Swivel range: 11 degrees Cross slide: Travel with feed handwheel, coarse/fine: 220 mm Travel per handwheel turn, coarse/fine: 4/0.5 mm Rapid traverse and return, hydraulic: 50 mm Feed, electro-mechanical with stepper motor: 0–9.99 mm/Ø Micro-stop of feed, per graduation: 1 µm/Ø Plunge grinding: Feed rate coarse/fine: 1–49/0.2–2.8 µm/sec Grinding spindle head: Grinding wheel, diameter x width x bore: 500 x 80 x 203.2 mm Motor rating: 5.5 kW Grinding spindle speeds: 1220, 1360, 1530 rpm Workpiece spindle head: Swivel range: 360 degrees Speeds, steplessly adjustable: 20–400 rpm Spindle internal taper: Morse 5 Motor rating: 0.9 kW Tailstock: Nlsdpfx Asyyn Ehongeh Quill internal taper: Morse 3 Quill travel: 30 mm Machine dimensions: 2800 x 1850 mm Weight: approx. 3000 kg

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2026, Karstens K11 650 This cylindrical grinding machine has been completely overhauled by PS-Karstens. The machine has been inspected and is in very good condition. Since we specialize in Karstens cylindrical grinding machines, we can offer you complete service (electrical and mechanical) for the machine after purchase. Technical data: Distance between centers: 650 mm Distance between centers: 180 mm Workpiece weight: 100 kg cantilevered, 250 kg between centers Grinding wheel diameter: 400 mm Workpiece spindle: MK 4, speed continuously adjustable 30-450 rpm, swivel range 0 - 90 ° Tailstock: MK4, quill stroke 45 mm, cylinder fine adjustment Quill force: 200-600 N, hydraulically operated via foot pedal Table inclination: 10 degrees Adjustment travel of feed spindle: 80 mm Rapid traverse: 50 mm Rough adjustment with air cushion: 280 mm Grinding spindle motor external: 4 KW Grinding spindle motor internal: 2.2 KW Workpiece spindle motor: 0.55 KW Machine weight: Net 3800 Kg Feed drive via DC motor Air cushion-supported rapid adjustment of the grinding spindle head for quick and safe positioning to the grinding position. Separate drive for the spindles for external and internal grinding. Fully automatic process, feed movement via jog shuttle switch: Rapid traverse forward, rapid traverse backward, grinding operation, feed stop, incremental feed. Automatic longitudinal grinding cycle Central coolant supply for all grinding points Workpiece spindle head with continuously adjustable drive with a rotating and lockable spindle. Nlsdpfx Anjh Rixxsgoh Feed control for longitudinal grinding and plunge grinding, input for retraction, feed amounts, feed rates, dwell times, non-cutting travel Paper band filter system approx. 250 L Similar to Weiss/EMAG/GP cylindrical grinding machines/ Studer/ Kellenberger/ Schaudt/ Tschudin/ Tacchella/ Dannobat/ Bahmüller/ Fortuna

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1982, Technical details: grinding diameter: 350 mm grinding length: 1000 mm centre height: 225 mm grinding length: max. 1600 mm centre distance: 1540 mm spindle bore: 38 mm max. swivability: 90 ° weight of the machine ca.: 6,0 t dimension machine xH: 4,4 x 2,45 x 2,3 mm Machine with CNC package and DFU connection Njdpfew Rktzjx Angolh Multi-range measuring head for interrupted surface Tailstock with cylinder error correction Final balance balancing device *

Condition: refurbished (used), machine/vehicle number: 3439.39, Universal cylindrical grinding machine for external and internal cylindrical grinding. • Distance between centers: 650 mm • Height between centers: 175 mm • Completely overhauled (refurbished) – The machine was completely disassembled and rebuilt component by component. Guide rails were reconditioned, bearings were replaced, new control cabinet and new electrical installation, complete new paint job, and geometrical readjustment for maximum precision. • Equipped with a digital measuring system (Fagor). • Machine condition comparable to a new machine, ready for immediate use. • Extensive accessories included in the scope of delivery, as shown in the photos. • Demonstration under power and test run possible at any time. Nledpfx Ansxxy A Tjgjh Availability: Available for immediate delivery!

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, For sale is a high-precision universal and tool grinding machine, Strausak AG, Type 57U. Thanks to its versatile design with a cross table, it is ideal for tool, mold, and gauge manufacturing. It handles demanding grinding tasks on highly hardened workpieces (even in the range of 60–65 HRC) with absolute reliability. The spindle speed can be flexibly adjusted, and the maximum longitudinal travel of the X-axis is 600 mm with a center distance of 780 mm. The machine is in good condition. Machine Type 57U Manufacturing No. (Serial Number) 10686 Order No. 44137 Voltage (Volts) 380 V Frequency (Hz) 50 Hz Technical Feature Specification Max. Table Stroke / Longitudinal Travel (X-axis) 600 mm Center Distance (Workpiece Length max.) 780 mm Center Height 125 mm – 175 mm (depending on height blocks) Max. Grinding Diameter approx. 348 mm Table Dimensions 1,030 mm x 214 mm Table Swivel Range ± 9° Nljdpfx Aov E Ivfsngoh Machine Weight (Net) approx. 2,500 kg (Shipping Weight approx. 2,700–2,800 kg) Net Machine Dimensions (L x W x H) approx. 2.30 m x 1.50 m x 1.50 m Recommended Space Requirement (Installation) at least 3.50 m x 2.50 m Spindle Speeds Continuously variable / Belt stages from 2,250 to 6,000 rpm Table Feed Continuously adjustable from 0 to 16 mm/min Do you need a high-quality but affordable metalworking machine for your production? Or do you want to sell yours? For further information or contact options, please visit our website.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1983, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1404, total width: 1,690 mm, total length: 3,410 mm, total height: 1,915 mm, overall weight: 3,000 kg, TECHNICAL DATA Capacity - Height of centres: 125/175mm - Distance between centers: 400mm; 700mm; 1025mm - Max.travel of longitudinal slide: 400mm; 700mm; 1025mm Table - Table speed steplessly adjustable: 0.5 - 5.5 m/min. - Reversal dwell of table: 0-6 sec. - Minimum automatic stroke approx.: 1.5mm - Maximum swivel of table: 400 deg.- 12 ; 700 deg. -10; 1025 deg.- 8 - Travel per revolution of handwheel: 25mm Workhead - Swivel towards grinding wheel: 90 deg. - Spindle speed, steplessly variable: 30 - 675 RPM Nljdpfjupiycox Angjh - Spindle nose taper: Morse 5 - Collet shank diameter: 25mm - Diameter of 3-jaw chuck: 160mm Wheelhead - Grinding wheel L.H. or R.H.: - Diameter (special exec. 6.25kW/8.4 HP): 400 (450) mm - Maximum width: 50 (80) mm - Bore: 127 (203) mm - Spindle speeds (3-step Vee-belt pulley) - Grinding wheel dia 400: 1500/1625/1800/2000/2200/2400 RPM - Grinding wheel dia 450 (8.4HP): 1340/1500/1625/1800/2000/2200 RPM - Grinding wheel motor approx.: 3kW - Grinding wheel motor, special for 450 dia wheel approx.: 6.25kW - Rapid travel of wheelhead: - Hydr.approach and retraction: 40 mm - Additional adjustment with hand leveler: 210 mm - Swivel of the whole cross slide L.H. and R.H.: 45 deg. - Interminent feed, steplessly adjustable (on dia) at left or right hand table reversal, or both: 0.001 - 0.05 mm/sec. - Plunge feed, steplessly adjustable (on dia): 0.0002 - 0.1 mm/sec. - Maximum depth of plunge on dia: 1.7 mm Motor rating - Wheel spindle, standard: 3 kW - Wheel spindle special rating: 6.25 kW - Workhead: 0.55 kW - Hydraulics: 0.55 kW - Coolant pump, standard: 0.17 kW - Coolant pump, inteclon: 1.1 kW Workpiece weight - Maximum between centers: 80 kg Extras: grinding wheels, coilets, other additional equipment, user manuals