Used Kuper Fwm 630 St for sale (16,671)

Condition: used, mileage: 289,000 km, power: 330 kW (448.67 HP), first registration: 01/2021, fuel type: diesel, axle configuration: 6x2, wheelbase: 6,700 mm, fuel: diesel, brakes: engine braking, color: white, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, suspension: steel-air, total length: 10,450 mm, total width: 2,550 mm, permissible axle load (axle 1): 8,000 kg, permissible axle load (axle 2): 11,500 kg, permissible axle load (axle 3): 7,400 kg, loading space length: 8,100 mm, loading space width: 2,490 mm, loading space height: 2,480 mm, Year of construction: 2021, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, central locking, cruise control, electric window regulation, fog lights, navigation system, power mirror, spoiler, tail-lift, traction control, Technical information Number of cylinders: 6 Engine capacity: 10.837 cc Axle configuration Front axle: Max. axle load: 8000 kg; Tyre profile left: 70%; Tyre profile right: 70% Rear axle 1: Double wheels; Max. axle load: 11500 kg; Tyre profile left inner: 70%; Tyre profile left outer: 70%; Tyre profile right outer: 70%; Tyre profile right outer: 70% Rear axle 2: Lift axle; Max. axle load: 7400 kg; Steering; Tyre profile left: 80%; Tyre profile right: 80% Weights Empty weight: 11.620 kg Carrying capacity: 15.380 kg Nwodpfx Ajy Szduskujg GVW: 27.000 kg Functional Tail lift: Dhollandia, 3000 kg Maintenance APK (MOT): tested until 02/2027 Identification Registration number: BD-234-L Other information Cargo space outer length: 810 cm Cargo space outer width: 249 cm Cargo space outer height: 248 cm = Additional options and accessories = - Air horn - Aluminium fuel tank - Camera system - Heavy duty engine brake - Line assist - Lock diff - Outside temperature display - Radio/CD player - Rear air suspension - Reversing camera - Roof spoiler - Visor = Remarks = 2x Binding rails Tail lift3.000 kg Tail lift 260 cm lang PTO Preperation

Condition: used, bore capacity in steel (diameter) 23 mm Nsdpfxsyfwunj Akujwg throat 220 mm bore stroke 120 mm Number of revolutions 25 - 3.200 U/min distance Spindlenose and center of table 275 mm table surface area 300 x 355 mm T-slots 3x T - slots distance 120 mm column diameter 110 mm weight of the machine ca. ca. 120 kg dimensions of the machine ca. 0,8 x 1,0 x 1,9 m Table Drilling Machine IXION - BT 23 ST - incl. base cabinet

Year of construction: 1996, condition: used, Unfolding width: max. 200 mm Unfolding depth: 40 mm Profile height: max. 100 mm Vise jaw opening: 100 mm Feed length: max. 500 mm Speed: 2,800 rpm Electric milling feed by pressing the foot switch Profile clamping by infinitely adjustable vise. Njdsq Awg Eepfx Akujwg

Condition: new, overall weight: 48,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, suspension: air, tire size: 235 / 75 R 17,5, color: other, gearing type: other, front tire size: 235 / 75 R 17,5, rear tire size: 235 / 75 R 17,5, driver cabin: other, emission class: none, fuel: biodiesel, Equipment: ABS, compressed air brake, Reinforced design, air suspension with lift axle, axle load gauge for axle load, high bed length approx. 3,500 mm, low bed length approx. 8,800 mm, loading height approx. 900 mm, for 2-axle and 3-axle tractor units, front wall approx. 800 mm high, 16 stake pockets in the outer frame, 32 lashing eyes, ramp approx. 3,100 mm long, ramps for driving over the gooseneck, -- misprints, errors, and changes excepted, sample images --, More data under: !, More Details: ! Nedpfjy Uaphex Akujwg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 1,652 h, spindle speed (max.): 3,400 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 213 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 102 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 572 mm, number of axes: 4, This 4-axis HAAS ST-25Y was manufactured in 2019. It features a maximum spindle speed of 3,400 rpm and a chuck size of 254 mm. The machine can work with driven tools and has a maximum cutter diameter of 298 mm. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the HAAS ST-25Y horizontal turning machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Machine can work with driven tools Nwodpfx Aey Txwhskusg • Chuck size: 254 mm • Max. piece swinger: 533 mm • Maximum cutter diameter (with BMT65 turret): 298 mm • Maximum milling length (varies per workpiece fixture): 572 mm • Rod capacity: 76 mm • Movements (metric): • X-axis: 213 mm • Y-axis: ±51 mm • Z-axis: 572 mm Additional equipment • Tools not included (can be bought for an additional amount) Technical Specification Counter Spindle No Driven Tools Yes

Condition: new, travel distance X-axis: 850 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 820 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, workpiece height (max.): 450 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 500 kg, number of slots in tool magazine: 60, controller manufacturer: HEIDENHAIN, overall weight: 14,000 kg, controller model: TNC 7, coolant supply: 40 bar, spindle motor power: 32 W, rapid traverse Z-axis: 48,000 m/min, rapid traverse X-axis: 48,000 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 48,000 m/min, rotary table diameter: 630 mm, rotational speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, spindle nose: SK 40 BIG PLUS (BVD 40), tool diameter: 150 mm, tool length: 300 mm, tool weight: 8 g, workpiece diameter (max.): 750 mm, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, LAGUN EVZ 630 – 5-Axis Simultaneous Machining Center | HEIDENHAIN TNC 7 | Available on short notice New LAGUN EVZ 630 5-axis simultaneous machining center for the highest precision and dynamic performance in modern machining. The machine impresses with its robust design, high thermal stability, and state-of-the-art HEIDENHAIN control and drive technology. Ideal for tool and mold making, mechanical engineering, and demanding contract manufacturing. Your advantages at a glance: ✔ Installation & commissioning in Germany included ✔ Service & spare parts directly from JMT ✔ Financing / lease-purchase options available ✔ Compact design with high stability ✔ 24 months warranty Why LAGUN: LAGUN is one of the leading machine tool manufacturers in Spain (MAHER HOLDING) and stands for robust construction, high dynamics, and long-lasting machine concepts. The machining centers impress with their reliability, easy maintenance, and low operating costs. Technical specifications: Nsdpfx Asp Nnutjkuowg Control: HEIDENHAIN TNC 7 CNC control HEIDENHAIN TFT screen 19" HEIDENHAIN motors, scales, and electronic handwheel HR 510 Chip disposal: Chip conveyor Enclosure: Full enclosure with automatic door opening for convenient and ergonomic access to the working area Accuracy: Positioning accuracy: ± 0.005 mm Repeatability: ± 0.003 mm Your advantages as a JMT customer: ✔ Official LAGUN sales partner in Germany ✔ Technical support and on-site service ✔ Fast supply of spare parts ✔ Training and instruction included ✔ Reference machines available in Germany Contact us – we will be happy to advise you and prepare an individual offer.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Girbau Gas Dryer 100 kg Nwodsy Ugr Nopfx Akueg

Condition: new, empty load weight: 10,600 kg, maximum load weight: 37,400 kg, overall weight: 48,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, suspension: air, tire size: 235 / 75 R 17,5, color: other, gearing type: other, front tire size: 235 / 75 R 17,5, rear tire size: 235 / 75 R 17,5, driver cabin: other, emission class: none, fuel: biodiesel, Equipment: ABS, compressed air brake, Reinforced design, air suspension with lift axle, axle load gauge for axle load, length of the upper deck approximately 3,500 mm, length of the lower deck approximately 8,800 mm, loading height approximately 900 mm, for 2-axle and 3-axle semi-trailer tractors, front wall approximately 800 mm high, 16 stake pockets in the outer frame, 32 lashing points, ramp approximately 3,100 mm long, ramps for driving over on the gooseneck, hydraulic adjustment of the ramps, price: 1,000 EUR, subject to printing errors, errors and changes, sample images, more data at: ! Nodpfx Akoy Twmzjuowg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, FOR SALE Double Crank Press ARISA 630 Tons Brand: ARISA (Spain) Model: S2-630-350-150-ES Njdpfx Akoy Sl Rljuswg Year of Manufacture: 2002 Type: Double crank mechanical press (S2) – High performance Technical Specifications (Certified Data): This press is a heavy-duty production unit designed for extremely high precision on large workpieces. Nominal Force: 630 tons (6,300 kN) Table Dimensions: 3,500 mm x 1,500 mm Slide Dimensions: 3,500 mm x 1,500 mm Slide Stroke: 200 mm Slide Adjustment: 150 mm Working Speed: Variable from 20 to 50 strokes/minute Maximum Force Point: 13 mm before the bottom dead center Electrical & Mechanical Specifications: Motor Power: 92 kW Total Machine Weight: 145,000 kg (145 tons) Striking Energy: Ideal capacity for deep drawing and progressive cutting applications Clutch/Brake System: Pneumatic (required pressure 5.5 – 6 bar) Balancing: Adjustable pneumatic counterbalance Power Supply: 380 V Key Features: Large Working Area: 3.5-meter table allows for complex or multiple tooling setups S2 Stability: Double crank design ensures uniform pressure distribution, preventing slide tipping Condition: 2002 machine compliant with modern safety and control standards.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2023, HERBOLD zigzag classifier (gravity classifier) Type SZS 630/175 Sifting channel 630 mm wide With blower 7.5 kw Material: mild steel Condition: unused Year of construction 2023 Njdpfjy Timyex Akuewg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2023, HERBOLD zigzag classifier (gravity classifier) Type SZS 630/175 Sifting channel 630 mm wide With blower 7.5 kw Material: mild steel Condition: unused Nsdsy Th H Eopfx Akuowg Year of construction 2023

Condition: used, HERBOLD Zigzag Separator (Gravity Separator) Type SZS 630/212 Separation channel: 630 mm wide With 7.5 kW blower Material: ordinary steel With inlet cyclone and rotary valve Nedsy Th Hxspfx Akuewg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1976, functionality: fully functional, Cold circular saw with automatic feeder Year of manufacture: approx. 1976 Equipment: - Standard accessories - Automatic feeder, cutting length 1700 mm - Various saw blades - Coolant system - Infeed roller conveyor 2400 mm, split (2 x 1200 mm) Nwjdjwtdi Aopfx Akusg - Outfeed roller conveyor 500 mm - Documentation Condition: good, workshop tested

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, 5-Axis Simultaneous Machining Center MAZAK Variaxis 630-5X II T with Turning Function and Top Specification. Control: MAZATROL Matrix Year of manufacture: 2008 Travel - X: 630 mm Travel - Y: 765 mm Travel - Z: 600 mm a-axis: +30 ~ -120° c-axis: +/- 360° Max. machining diameter: 730 x 500 mm Max. work height: 500 mm Number of tool changer positions: 80 Tool holder: SK40 Max. spindle speed: 18,000 rpm Max. rotary table speed: 1,100 rpm Rotary table diameter: 630 mm Swing diameter of workpiece: 730 mm Accessories: - Chip conveyor and tank - ICS (internal coolant supply) - Showa oil mist extraction unit - Renishaw probe The following features/options are available: - Linear scale system for X and Y axes - Tool magazine for 80 tools - Air blow unit at the workpiece - Oil mist extraction unit CRK 1500K - Coolant temperature control - Flood coolant 4.5 bar - Workpiece rinsing system - High-pressure coolant through the spindle 70 bar - Pressure switch for coolant supply through the spindle - Chip conveyor ejection right (Consep) - MAZAK Monitoring System B incl. Renishaw probe MP10 - Preparation for visual tool identification system - Detachable electronic handwheel - Milling spindle synchronous tapping - Tool tip inspection for 5-axis simultaneous machining - Tool radius compensation 5-axis - EIA dynamic tool compensation 2 (incl. 1) - Max. program memory 8 MB - Rapid traverse – constant tilt angle during movement - MAZACC-3D high-speed software package - Form compensation for rotary axes - Ethernet operation capability - High-precision control for finishing operations - Cylinder interpolation G07.1 - Signal light (3-color LED) - 3-jaw chuck 21" - Additional work area lighting Nwedpfx Aox Db D Ajkuog The machine is in very good condition and can be inspected under power at its current location.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 2,017 h, machine/vehicle number: D 22389, fuel type: diesel, power: 791 kW (1,075.46 HP), motor manufacturer: Iveco, Field of application: Construction Empty weight: 1.390 kg Generator capacity: 100 kVA Nwedstr Iwfspfx Akujg Dimensions of cargo space: 267 x 113 x 170 cm Please contact PFEIFER GROUP for more information

Condition: used, power: 127 kW (172.67 HP), fuel type: diesel, lifting height: 20,600 mm, Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 7,043 h, Technical information Make of engine: Mercedes-Benz Top speed: 36 km/h Empty weight: 17.500 kg Functional Nedsv Rk Smopfx Akuswg Lifting capacity: 5.000 kg Identification Serial number: 769994 Other information Front tyres / undercarriage remaining: 40 Rear tyres remaining : 40 Tyre brand: BKT Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 7.96x2.43x3.05 Additional information Please contact PFEIFER GROUP for more information

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2018, CNC press brake Manufacturer: SMD Yawei Type: PBB-630/6200 Year of manufacture: 2018 CNC control: CYBELEC ModEva 15 Nodpfx Ajrivu Sokuowg Press force: 6,300 kN Working width: approx. 6,200 mm DSP-Laser-TX Connection power: 400 V / 95 kVA 19526

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, machine/vehicle number: 2512377, fuel type: diesel, motor manufacturer: JCB 448 TWGA, General information Field of application: Construction Weights Empty weight: 1.250 kg Functional Generator capacity: 80 kVA Dimensions of cargo space: 163 x 80 x 125 cm CE mark: yes Other information Generator: Mecc Alte ECP34 1s4 Frequency: 50 Voltage: 400 Drill equipment: Control Panel Emission level: Stage V / Tier IV final Additional information Please contact Team DPX for more information Nodpox Tyx Tsfx Akuswg = Additional options and accessories = - Control Panel

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, machine/vehicle number: 19856, fuel type: diesel, motor manufacturer: Hyundai DP180LA, General information Field of application: Construction Weights Empty weight: 5.500 kg Functional Generator capacity: 630 kVA Dimensions of cargo space: 435 x 180 x 235 cm Other information Fuel consumption: 123 Liter per Hour at Prime Power ( 90% ) Generator: Leroy Somer TAL-A473 Frequency: 50 Voltage: 400 Nwedpoyhlfysfx Akusg Drill equipment: Tank, Battery, Control Panel, Steel canopy Water tank volume: 900 l Additional information Please contact Team DPX for more information = Additional options and accessories = - Battery - Control Panel - Steel canopy - Tank

Condition: used, Clamping surface (left-right) 630 mm Nodpfx Aoy Sulfekuswg Clamping surface (front-back) 630 mm workpiece weight / t

Condition: used, Baumann dehairer -Type: ST 20 -Dimensions: 2380 x 1000 x 1250 mm -Working dimensions: 1920 mm -With heating Nedpoymxm Ujfx Akuswg -Power supply: 380V 50Hz 3N -Made of stainless steel -Condition: used in very good condition, ready to work

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2024, Special price: €29,970 net A machine is currently available immediately. The ideal machine for shredding voluminous, light aluminum chips or turnings. Not suitable for more solid aluminum parts. Includes: + Optimized cutting geometry + Adapted slide control + Load-dependent controlled hydraulic slide (which presses the chips against the cutting mechanism) Motor: 18.5 kW; 400 V - 50 Hz - 3 ph, Blade: 40x40mm, multi-rotatable, Rotor diameter: 260 mm, Control: Omron PLC, Cutter opening 600 x 800 mm, Funnel volume approx. 0.6 qbm, Hydraulically operated slider Sieve perforation of your choice (15 - 40mm) Nwedpfx Akegmh H Tsusg Suction nozzle Ø 160 mm Weight approx. 1,300 kg Dimensions (lxwxh) approx. 1737 x 1167 x 1650 mm The following options are available for an additional charge: - Raise the shredder by 30 cm (preparation for conveyor belt) +2,990 € net - Angle conveyor belt (discharge height approx. 220 cm) +9,770 € net - Overband magnet + €6,980 net - Control of conveyor belt and overband magnet + €2,750 net (Start and stop synchronized with the chipper) We would be happy to carry out a free test with your material. We invite you to come to us in Neckartailfingen. It is also possible for you to send us your material by freight forwarder and we will document the test with pictures and videos.

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, Demonstration machine with approx. 9 operating hours Another unit available immediately (ex works Neckartailfingen) *Options at additional cost – see below Included: + Profile rotor for increased throughput performance We are happy to arrange a free test with your material. You are welcome to visit us in Neckartailfingen for this purpose. Alternatively, you may send your material to us via freight forwarder and we will document the test with photos and videos. Motor: 18.5 kW; 400 V - 50 Hz - 3 ph Knives: 15 pieces, reversible multiple times Optional double knife row + €995 net Rotor diameter: 260 mm Control: Siemens S7-1200 PLC Cutting unit opening: 630 x 820 mm Hopper volume: approx. 0.6 m³ Hydraulically operated pusher Screen perforation as desired (10 - 40 mm) Extraction port Ø 160 mm Weight: approx. 1,300 kg Dimensions (LxWxH): approx. 1737 x 1167 x 1650 mm Moisture content: < 30% dry basis. Standard features included: - V-rotor for maximum throughput - Control cabinet with Siemens PLC - Automatic star/delta start - Rapid hydraulics - Automatic stop when rotor is idle - Speed 70-90 rpm for high throughput - Cyclic control to avoid idle times - Performance-boosting incremental control of the hydraulic pusher - Pertinax guides for the hydraulic pusher - Vibration-damping machine feet - CE compliant Optional extras for the shredder (at additional cost): - Raise shredder by 30 cm (preparation for conveyor belt) + €2,080 net - Eco-rings: + €1,980 net (recommended for over 20% hardwood) Nodpob Ny Eysfx Akujwg - Double knife row + €995 net - Special scraper + €990 net (recommended for shredding veneer, paper or thin materials < 3 mm) - Angled conveyor belt + €8,770 net (angle adjustable 0–60°, discharge height approx. 2,000 mm) - Automatic overbelt magnet + €5,980 net Alternatively, fixed magnetic block above the belt for manual cleaning + €990 net (for low metal contamination) - Control for conveyor and overbelt magnet + €2,750 net (start/stop synchronised with shredder); alternatively, manual start/stop for conveyors + €595 net Raw material requirements: - Moisture content (dry basis) must be below 30% - Installation temperature: temperature controlled room, at least +5°C - Metals and mineral contaminants such as sand, stones, etc., will increase wear

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2024, Special-purpose machine for plastics shredding Base machine from €24,990 net Ideally suited for shredding: - Paper, cardboard, pipes, profiles, boxes, canisters, buckets, cans, wooden pallet offcuts, etc. - Medium-hard thermoplastics such as PVC, PP, PE, PS, PU, PET Included: - Special rotor with embedded knives (reduced load uptake) - Minimal cutting gap between rotor and counter knives Motor: 18.5 kW; 400 V - 50 Hz - 3 ph Control: PLC Cutting chamber opening at the top: 600 x 800 mm Maximum recommended input material size: approx. 500 x 500 mm (*height less critical) Hydraulically actuated pusher Screen perforation options: 25 - 40 mm For plastics, coarser screens are recommended (30-40 mm) *For finer granulation, a two-stage shredding process with downstream granulator type MVZ (screens 5-15 mm) is recommended Exhaust port Ø 160 mm Weight: approx. 1,300 kg Dimensions (LxWxH): approx. 1737 x 1167 x 1650 mm Additional options available at extra charge: Nwedpfx Asd H R Sxskusg - Raise shredder by approx. 25 cm (preparation for conveyor discharge): + €1,980 net - Inclined conveyor belt (discharge height approx. 220 cm): + €8,770 net - Overbelt magnet: + €5,980 net - Conveyor and overbelt magnet control: + €2,750 net (synchronized start/stop with shredder) - Alternatively, manual start/stop function at conveyor: + €595 net Raw material requirements: - Moisture content (atro) must be below 25% - Metals and mineral contaminants such as sand, stones, etc. will result in increased wear We are happy to offer a free test using your material at our facility in Neckartailfingen. Alternatively, you may send your material to us via freight forwarder and we will document the test using photos and videos. --- * Only for brittle plastics of medium hardness. * Not suitable for elastic or extremely hard and heavy plastics – this will negatively impact the durability of the system. --- Optional: Larger machine sizes available Base machine: Shredder MGZ 830 K-S – 18.5 kW Cutting chamber opening at the top: 800 x 1,000 mm Maximum recommended input material size: approx. 720 x 700 mm (*height less critical) From €39,995 net (*options subject to additional cost) Base machine: Shredder MGZ 1030 K-S – 22 kW Cutting chamber opening at the top: 1,000 x 1,000 mm Maximum recommended input material size: approx. 900 x 700 mm (*height less critical) From €49,975 net (*options subject to additional cost) Base machine: Shredder MGZ 1330 K-S – 37 kW Cutting chamber opening at the top: 1,300 x 1,200 mm Maximum recommended input material size: approx. 1,200 x 700 mm (*height less critical) From €79,975 net (*options subject to additional cost)

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, Special price for our demonstration machine Another machine, available now (ex works in Neckartailfingen) Approx. 8 operating hours. Suitable for shredding all types of leftover wood and also pallet sections. The pallet would need to be prepared with a jigsaw or chainsaw so that it fits vertically into the hopper - see Figure 2. Ideally, it would be approximately 40x20x20 cm so that the wood can lie flat on the slider floor. This is where the machine works most effectively. A hydraulic slider runs at the bottom of the shredder, which pushes the wood against the rotor depending on the load. The material is shredded until it passes through the screen basket. Throughput up to 200 kg per hour *depending on the screen and how well the material is prepared. *Conveyor belt and overhead magnet available at an additional cost. + Powerful 18.5 kW motor, + Concave blades, + Large high-performance gearbox, + Special, load-dependent slide control, Customs tariff number: 84659600 Motor: 18.5 kW; 400 V - 50 Hz - 3 phase Njdpfx Akedwktkjuswg Blades: 15, multi-rotatable Option: double row of blades + €995 net Rotor diameter: 260 mm Control: Siemens S7-1200 PLC Cutter opening: 630 x 820 mm Filling volume: approx. 0.6 m³ Hydraulic slide gate Screen perforation of your choice (10 - 30 mm) Suction nozzle diameter: 160 mm Weight: approx. 1,300 kg (depending on accessories) Dimensions (L x W x H): approx. 1,737 x 1,167 x 1,650 mm Moisture content: 30% dry Included as standard: - V-rotor for maximum throughput - Control cabinet with Siemens PLC control - Automatic star/delta start-up - Fast hydraulics - Auto. OFF when the rotor is idling - Speed 70-90 rpm for high throughput - Cyclic control to avoid idle times - Performance-enhancing step control of the hydraulic slide - Pertinax guides for the hydraulic slide - Vibration-damping machine feet - CE compliant. - MADE IN GERMANY . Shredder options: - Raise shredder by 30 cm (prepared for conveyor belt) +€2,080 net - Articulated conveyor belt +€8,770 net Horizontal section: 1,200 mm Rising section: 2,500 mm Angle: adjustable from 0-60 degrees Discharge height: approx. 2,000 mm + - 100 mm - Overbelt magnet +€5,980 net - Conveyor belt and overbelt magnet control +€2,750 net (Start and stop synchronized with the shredder) - Extend hopper +€940 net - Eco-rings: +€1,980 net (recommended for more than 15% hardwood) - Special scraper +€990 net (recommended for veneer or paper) - Double Knife series + €995 net . Raw material requirements: - The moisture content (dry) must be below 30% - Metals and mineral contaminants such as sand, stones, etc. lead to increased wear.